Planning, design &
Erecting of
Video surveillance systems
Code of practice for Campus
1. Introduction
Decades
worth of surveys have demonstrated that families and students place campus
safety and security at the forefront of the decision-making process when
deciding on where to enroll. The global market for school & campus security
is anticipated to account for a substantial revenue generation of more than USD
2.54 billion by 2025, expanding at a considerable CAGR of 19.7% over the review
period (2019-2024).
Keeping
our nation’s college and university population safe and secure requires the
partnership of college administrators, law enforcement and security
professionals. Many campuses are ramping up their security to ensure their
students, staff and visitors continue to remain safe and to protect their
reputation as a secure school.
Children
spend a large part of their day in schools and while travelling to and from
their schools. “Right from the time when students enters a campus or school /
university premises till the time they leave, the campus team is responsible
for any kind of misshapen with them.” – This is not just a statement, but one
of the biggest risks that all campus have.
Proper
evidence is required to check out the facts which can be provided by CCTV
footages. This is the reason why surveillance cameras are often installed in
the premises of campus or school or college or university. The installation of
CCTV equipment can be a one-off cost that acts as a powerful deterrent for
opportunistic criminals.
The
correct design and use of such systems is paramount to ensure a CCTV
surveillance system meets the needs of the user, provides a tangible benefit
and provides safety and security for the wider law-abiding public.
NOTE: In this context, the term Video
Surveillance System (VSS) synonymous with CCTV.
2. Scope
This
code of practice gives recommendations for the planning, design of all Video
surveillance systems.
This
code of practice has been prepared to assist in this process by taking account
of the various standards for Video surveillance systems, and presenting them in
a useable framework necessary to achieve an effective security surveillance
solution.
3. Objectives & Planning
3.1 The
specific objectives which these guidelines aim to achieve is the Video
Surveillance security
of children at schools, specifically safety in each of the following aspects:
a. from
risk of kidnapping by any person, within or outside the school while at or
travelling to and from the school on school buses, or while on school trips.
b. from
abuse, be it verbal, physical or sexual by any member of staff, be it
teaching/non-teaching/contractual, older students or any other person while on
the premises or on the transport route.
c. from
bullying, threats by older children (specific attention is drawn to problem as
reported of older children seeking protection money or favours from younger
children)
d. from
internet/cyberbullying/abuse on facebook/twitter/youtube etc., by circulation
of undesirable/objectionable material by school children or staff involving
school children
e. from
misuse of electronic/telephonic media at schools leading to obscene
emails/texts /videos/etc. during or after school hours by students or staff
involving school children
f. from
traffic accidents at/outside premises while boarding buses, crossing roads in
vicinity, etc.
g. from
accidents on premises due to fire/short circuits etc.
h. from any
accidents during travel on school buses or while on school trips
i. from
threats by natural calamities such as earthquakes, flooding, etc. by adequate
preparation to mitigate the disastrous impact of such events.
The
above objectives help to determine the quality and level of security that you
will need. Usually, campus with low-risk environments require basic
surveillance security and those in danger zones have a high priority security
system.
The
main key component of video surveillance is Camera, Storage (NVR/DVR/NAS) &
image Presentation Devices. Video analytics, ANPR etc are optional. There are
two technology of Video Surveillance system, Analog & Digital/IP. Here are
the different types Of CCTV Cameras: Dome Camera, Bullet / Box Camera, Zoom
Camera, Speed Dome/PTZ Camera, Panoramic Camera.
3.2 Capturing user need
It
is the responsibility of the system specifier or purchaser to identify and
record the purpose of the video surveillance system. When planning CCTV systems
it is important to remember that there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution. Each
site will have its own unique needs based around numerous factors (including
nature of site, geographic location, local environment, history of issues).
Similarly each end user will likely have their own expectations regarding what
the system will do for them (e.g. deter crime, improve detection of crime,
monitoring movement of personnel).
If
you are a Head Master / principal / owner / register, ensuring everything going
right is definitely one of your major responsibilities. Toilet surveillance is
illegal. CCTV security cameras in toilet are NOT allowed. Installing security
cameras in bathrooms is a serious privacy violation. You can plan to install
sensor just to get information latrine are used or vacant.
3.3 Risk assessment
Risk assessment should be performed to ensure the design of the
system results in an installation that adequately addresses the threats and
reduces the security risks. In order to identify the level(s) of security
required (and potentially therefore the grading of the elements of the system),
an assessment of the factors which are likely to come into play is required. In
very global terms, from a security perspective these elements are typically
considered as:
Threat (Who): The
threat will typically be defined as the persons or events to be protected
against. Threats will vary greatly in termsof objectives, determination,
capability, resourcefulness,
Vulnerability (What / Where): The vulnerability will typically be the areas of concern that
require protection. The level of vulnerability will be defined by numerous
factors such as desirability of the objects in the area, ease of access, campus
operational hours of the environment, exposure / secluded nature of the area.
Risk (What if?): Risk is effectively the consequence of a successful or
attempted intrusion or event. These risks can be wide and varied and not
immediately obvious. Risks and impact levels of each identified risk will
typically vary depending on the nature of site. Risks can include:
1.
Immediate Financial Loss:
Immediate value of items lost.
2.
Ongoing Financial Loss: Increased
insurance premiums, time to return to profit.
3.
Personal Safety: Injuries to teachers,
professors staff and / or members of public involved in violent incident.
4.
Stress Related Issues: Reduced
staff morale, loss of staff due to safety concerns.
5.
Non-financial loss: May include
loss of intellectual property, school / university data or similar.
Typically security systems cannot change the identified threat
or alter the risk, but well deployed security measures significantly reduce the
vulnerability. This in turn helps to reduce the likelihood of risks occurring.
3.4. Operational requirements and agreeing with the customer
Ideally
the Operational requirements (OR) document should be raised by the end-user or
their authorized representative (such as a security consultant) and used as the
basis for specifying the required system and subsequent performance tests.
Planned or possible future expansions to the system, including addition of
further cameras, monitoring locations and integration with other systems.
3.5 Target Capture and Image Detail
Detection, Recognition and Identification
(DRI) in video surveillance is very important terms to get image details. DRI
ranges, expressed in meters, km (or miles), can be found in the specification
table of infrared camera brochures.
The
terms “Detection”, “Recognition” and “Identification” were defined as follow:
·
Detection: ability to distinguish an object
from the background
·
Recognition: ability to classify the object
class (animal, human, vehicle, …)
·
Identification: ability to describe the
object in details (a man with a hat, a Jeep …)
As
a best practice, do not assume the camera resolution is everything in regards
to image quality. For a camera to operate in a day-night environment, (the
absence of light is zero lux), the night mode must be sensitive to the infrared
spectrum. It is highly recommended to conduct tests or pilot installations
before buying large quantities of any model of camera.
A
lens is a transparent optical device with perfect or approximate axial symmetry
which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the transmitted
light and to form images. A simple lens consists of a single optical element. A
compound lens is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a common axis; the
use of multiple elements allows more optical aberrations to be corrected than
is possible with a single element. Lenses are typically made of glass or
transparent plastic.
The
practical effect of this is that a camera may need to have a wider or narrower
field of view so that the necessary amount of detail can be seen and that in
some circumstances more cameras may be needed, either to increase the area
covered with the same detail or to allow for different levels of detail to be
seen from the same view.
The
measure of the fine detail that can be seen in an image. For analog systems
this is typically measured in Television Lines or TVL. Higher TVL rating, the
higher the resolution. Same way megapixel (MP) like 1.3mp, 2mp, 4mp, 8mp etc.
Resolution-horizontal
The amount of resolvable detail in the horizontal direction in a picture. It is
usually expressed as the number of distinct vertical lines, alternately black
and white, which can be seen in a distance equal to picture height.
Resolution-horizontal - vertical
The amount of resolvable detail in the vertical direction in a picture. It is
usually expressed as the number of distinct horizontal lines, alternately black
and white, which can theoretically be seen in a picture.
The
graphic below shows a comparison of the resolutions listed if each pixel takes
up the same amount of space.
Key camera
areas, include exterior entrances and exits, parking lots, the
front-desk area, the lift, the floor corridor, the Hostel lobby,
cooking area, linen room, bar, casino and swimming pool exterior area.
Account
should also be made of the difference between live operation and playback /
review operation when considering image size requirements. For example, in a
live monitoring situation, where a rapid assessment of the scene or situation
may be needed, a higher screen occupation may be required than a system which
is required to be more ‘reactive’, whereby little or no live interaction is
anticipated and recordings / events can be reviewed in slower time.
3.6 Environmental considerations
Consideration
should be given to the need for specialist equipment or installation techniques
in certain environments.
Consideration
of environmental requirements should be given to areas which may not be
immediately obvious. For example where hard disk storage systems are to be
installed which may, in their own right, raise the local temperature to an
extent whereby artificial cooling methods such as air conditioning are required
to help ensure longevity of the equipment.
3.7 Regulations and Legal Requirements relevant to CCTV
There
are many legal requirements and regulations that apply to CCTV including those listed
here. It is the responsibility of the owner, installer, Maintenance Company and
operator to ensure compliance with these as appropriate to their activities and
location. Consideration should also be given to other byelaws introduced by
local government. These will vary from region to region.
The
following Acts of Parliament are known to affect the majority of CCTV
installations and use of CCTV but others will apply in specific circumstances:
1.
The Human Rights Act 1993(Amendment Act,
2006)
2.
The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA).
3.
The Right to Information Act 2005
4.
The Private Security Industry Act 2005
5.
The Clean Environment Act
4.Design
4.1. Site Survey
A
site (School, Collage, university, Hostel, Private study point… etc) survey
should be conducted to take into account specifics of the site along with the
OR. Locations of interest should be established and documented on the site plan
( if floor, each floor drawing). Accordingly select camera type, quality of
picture etc. The site survey should consider lighting. Depending on
circumstances day and night time surveys may be required.
The
performance of a CCTV system is primarily dependent upon the available light
level. It is important, therefore, that the limits of light levels within which
a CCTV installation is intended to function are expressed in units of
illumination (e.g. lux).
Light
levels are normally measured in lux, the SI unit of luminance. In some cases
the amount of light will be quoted in foot-candles. One foot candle is
approximately ten lux. Lux levels apply only to visible light spectrum and are
not relevant to infrared systems
Lux
is measurement of the intensity of light. It is equal to the illumination of a
surface one meter away from a single candle.
The
survey should be used to decide the positioning of all key equipment of the
system along with the necessary environmental protection requirements.
The
site survey should consider power and device interconnection together with
provision of local power supplies, routing of cables, wireless links, etc.
During
the survey consideration should be given to how the equipment will be installed
and other considerations such as accessibility, access times, need for closures
whilst equipment is being installed and accessibility for maintenance.
Cameras
must cover all critical areas of the premises. Areas for specific attention are
as indicated:
1.
Entry and exit points of the school (in case there is a side entrance, this too
must have a CCTV camera).
2.
All corridors and staircases
3.
Library, infirmary, auditorium
4.
Inside elevators
5.
Canteen, sports rooms, Electronics Lab, Chemistry Lab, Computer labs
6.
Entrance to classrooms
7.
Entrance to toilets
8.
Sports fields, swimming pools
9.
Areas where buses assemble
10.
Entry and exit point of premises
11.
Any point on the outer perimeter/wall which is vulnerable, and which could show
footage of persons attempting to gain entry to the premises, especially
covering persons outside the main entrance.
While
CCTV at entrance to toilets is essential, it is not permitted to fit CCTVs
inside toilets, to ensure that dignity is not compromised.
External
motion detectors and LED illuminators are crucial components for a security
system. By integrating these separate technologies with video surveillance
cameras, the site will benefit from one powerful security solution with
versatile advantages.
4.2 Equipment Selection
Equipment
means Camera, Storage, software, Viewing monitor etc. Consideration should include
environmental factors (e.g. efficient use of power, disposal of consumable
items, and control of hazardous substances).
4.2.1 Camera and lens
A
camera and lens should be compatible and should be selected to cover the area
to be viewed, taking into account any person or object required to be
identified.
Selection
of the correct lens type is as important as the camera selection. A poor lens
performance can significantly detract from the overall performance of the
system. For further information refer to BS EN 62676-4 clause 6.5.
All vehicles entering and leaving the premises should be
caught on camera with at least a 50-metre range with a clear image of the
vehicle number.
4.2.2 Automated License
Plate Recognition
ALPR systems utilize high-tech cameras with accompanying
software to detect the license plate of a car. Some of these ALPR systems also
utilize sophisticated data analytics, to help locate vehicles in question, or
even identify a license plate number, when that vehicle has been used in connection
with a past crime. These systems also have been used in a number of documented
instances to locate missing children or kidnapped individuals by locating a
subject vehicle. ALPR systems have also been used commercially as security
measures to identify vehicles that do not belong at a particular location
(unknown vehicle) or a vehicle that security officials have identified as a
security risk (known vehicle).
ALPR
systems can be reconfigured for use in a school security setting to assist
school security officials to help identify a vehicle that does not belong on a
campus or conversely, flag a vehicle that is restricted from being on school
grounds. These camera systems would be deployed on the outer perimeter,
typically on an access road either approaching or entering a school parking
lot.
4.2.3 Sensitivity of Light
When
selecting a camera for a particular application, consideration should be given
to the type of light source and the spectral response of the imaging device in
addition to the scene reflectance and lens. Available light level will have a
major influence on the choice of camera and typically the sensitivity of a
camera measured under laboratory conditions may not match results under natural
operating environments. There may be a trade-off between higher resolution
cameras and a reduction in sensitivities.
Wide
dynamic range cameras can help compensate for large variations of luminance
across a scene and provide acceptable exposures simultaneously in the brightest
and darkest areas of the image.
4.2.4 Field view
The
width and height or area desired to be covered by one camera. This area is
determined by the focal length of the lens on the camera and the distance the
camera is mounted from the scene. The equipment selection should ensure the
field of view matches the system’s operational requirements.
4.2.5 Illumination
A
video surveillance camera requires a certain amount of lights produced by
natural or artificial illumination. The amount of lights is defined by
LUX(Lumens per Square Meter). Depending on the choice of camera equipment and
the system’s operational requirements extra illumination may be required.
Refer
to BS EN 62676-4 clause 6.9 for points to consider e.g. positioning, beam
pattern, maintenance, deterioration of light source with age, unwanted
reflections, type of lighting and switching.
4.2.6 Housings and mountings
A
camera and its supporting hardware should be securely mounted. The camera
mounting bracket or pole should safely support the weight and wind age of the
camera and of any associated hardware. Remember that a small amount of
deflection in a pole when a camera is fully zoomed in at a distant target will
result in large degrees of movement in the scene.
Consideration
should be given to the environmental conditions in which the equipment is
intended to operate with respect to the additional features which may be
implemented into housings i.e. heaters, wipers.
Protection
against malicious damage either though forceful impact, scratching or burning
plastic windows or dome bubbles, or spraying should be addressed by using a
combination of housing specification and physical positioning.
All
equipment installed should be suitable to withstand the prevailing
environmental conditions according to the environmental classes in BS EN
62676-1-1. This includes protection against dust, particles, water and any
special environmental conditions that may prevail on the site (e.g. corrosive
or explosive atmospheres).
4.2.7 PTZ Mechanisms
PTZ
indicate Pan, Tilt & Zoom, so a camera having this three feature is called
PTZ camera or speed Dome camera. Hostel Parking area, main gate entrance, open
out door space, swimming pool, playground, sea beach etc area should cover by
speed dome camera.
The
maximum required pan and tilt rotation angles and any intermediate preset stops
is required. IP66 based enclosure should protect out door speed dome camera.
4.2.8 Powering
Consideration
should be given to the power requirements of the system. This includes:
•
Local or centrally powered (Must be UPS power)
•
Mains or low voltage. (110V to 220V AC)
•
Back up / Stand-by power in the event of mains failure.
For
Power over Ethernet (PoE) consider the potential need for high power PoE
supplies for certain cameras, especially ones with in-built illuminators,
heaters or motorised PTZ functions. For PoE also consider the limiting distance
factor of 90m in order to deliver the maximum power from the power sourcing
equipment (PoE injector) to the powered device. Greater distances will
adversely affect performance of the cabling including bandwidth.
The
outdoor surveillance cameras record everything in real-time and this recording
is stamped with date and time. This becomes a proof of evidence in determining
whether the claims are genuine or fake. Sometimes, it happens that student get
injured by their own mistakes, such as because of being drunk or careless
attitude.
4.2.9 Video performance
Equipment
and system design should take into account the need to achieve performance
levels and characteristics as stated in the operational requirements. This
should include consideration of frame rate, resolution and quality of live and
recorded images both for human viewing and for automated video analytics.
In
cases of injuries borne on the property, CCTV ascertains whether the injury was
because of misbehavior of the guest, or an accident, or the negligence of the
business organization itself. Suppose a drunk student was misbehaving with the
decorations in the open area of the property and then they got injured. In such
a case, they may blame the hostel authority and file a lawsuit against them.
But if the hostel has CCTV recordings collected from the CCTV outdoor
surveillance cameras, they can easily prove their innocence and huge
compensation money can be saved this way.
There
are some people who try to make some quick money by filing a fake lawsuit
against hostel providers. Generally its done by female students. It is
commonly known that most slip and fall cases happen near the pool area. Over
there, some students may get injury by colliding with someone else and may
complain that the injury was a result of the hostels negligence near the pool
area. If outdoor surveillance cameras are installed in the premises, then by seeing
the recording, the hostel authority can easily prove that the injury was
nothing but a result of collision. But if there was no CCTV installed then a
lawsuit could have swept away thousands or even millions from the hostel’s
account.
4.2.10 LAN Switches and Provisioning
A
separate security network is recommended and should be different from the man
Operational network. This means that dedicated switches, routers and other
networking appliances should be used solely by the security systems. The reasons
for keeping the security network independent of the data network are as under:
·
Additional
security measures are required to protect the security network from internal
and external threats.
·
The
security network requires substantial amount of bandwidth and sharing of
network with other users might pose challenges to sharing of bandwidth.
LAN
switching requirements are covered in the necessary detail for a successful
deployment. There are several requirements for LAN switches, the primary being
the ability to support the 802.1af PoE standard for those cameras that can make
use of this feature. Also, aggregate backplane capacity as well as uplink
capacity is important. At a minimum, switches should have 1Gigbps or 10Gigbps
uplink and a 32Gbps effective backplane capacity. QoS support is also
important, the ability to both trust the Layer-3 QoS markings (DSCP) and to set
DSCP on ingress is critical. Most of commercially available switches support
VLANs and trunking and these features are critical for segmenting IP video
surveillance traffic into its own domain.
Support of features like port security, 802.1x port-based
Network Access Control (NAC), Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Port Fast feature,
and PortFast Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) guard are also useful. Because
this design guide recommends marking video surveillance media streams as DSCP
value CS5, switches that are configured by default for VoIP implementations are
recommended as the media feeds will align with the default VoIP configurations.
4.2.11 IP Addressing Requirements
If
the network manager plans on implementing some segmentation and path isolation
over the LAN/WAN by using VRF-Lite and VLANS, the IP addressing scheme may have
greater flexibility than if the video surveillance networks are routed in the
global routing table. However, the general recommendations for addressing IP
video surveillance devices are as follows:
•
Allocate an addressing
scheme distinct from the end-user address space at the branch locations.
•Allocate network addressing
so that IP cameras, servers, encoders, workstations, and any Hostel building
management (BM) devices can be allocated from the address space at the remote
locations.
•Allocate addressing to
facilitate summarization of network advertisements to the core.
•Allocate addressing so that
one network advertisement can encompass the entire address space for physical
security (and building management) devices.
•Configure a loopback
address on remote routers from the physical security address space for NTP and
other management functions.
Because
the IP cameras are using static IP addresses, give careful attention to IP
addressing deployed as reallocating IP addressing is more time consuming than
when all end nodes use dynamically assigned IP addresses from a DHCP server.
4.2.12 Storage
The
total storage requirement for a digital CCTV recorder should be estimated
before a system is installed, so that hard drives of the appropriate capacity
can be specified. It is vital to ensure that sufficient capacity is available
so that compromises do not have to be made on either the image quality or
retention time.
The
storage requirement will depend on factors such as whether just video, or video
and audio are being stored, frame size, required number of frames per second,
number of cameras, bit rate of video and audio streams, retention period,
requirements for storage resilience (e.g. mirroring or RAID storage), and
operating system overhead. Recording of video footage must be on 45days basis
first in first out.
In
general, the recommendation is to store data as close to the source as
practical. This is especially true of branch location deployments. By storing
video archives locally, IP video surveillance may be deployed to locations with
traditional WAN links that would otherwise not have enough bandwidth to
transport the archives to a central campus/data center facility. The WAN,
however, may still have sufficient bandwidth to transport or view video clips
to aid in investigations or other forensic analysis. By storing locally and
only transporting the small amount of video surveillance data that is needed
centrally, video surveillance can be network-enabled today and tied into other
BMS and analytics solutions that can benefit the business.
When
using MJPEG streams, the frame size of each image plays a key role in
estimating the storage and transmission requirements. Since each frame is
unique and varies according to the image complexity, it is difficult to provide
a guide that provides fixed frame sizes. An IP camera that provides images with
low complexity will generate smaller frame sizes. Smaller frames will require
less bandwidth and storage capacity.
The following formula is used to calculate the bandwidth
requirements for MJPEG streams:
MJPEG storage = Average Frame size x Frame rate x
duration
Example 1: For an 8-hour archive of a CIF
video stream with 50 percent quality and 15 frames per second, the following is
the calculation:
4 KB x
15fps x 3600s
= 216,000 KB/ hour
= 216MB /hour x 8
hours
= 1.728 GB
Example 2: For a 24-hour archive of a 4CIF video stream
with 100 percent quality and 5 frames per second, the following is the
calculation:
320 KB x 5fps x
3600s =
5,760,000 KB /hour
= 5,760MB /hour
= 5.76GB /hour x 24 hours. = 138.24 GB
The
following formula is used to calculate the bandwidth requirements for MPEG-4
streams:
MPEG4 storage = Bit rate (kbps) x duration
The target bit rate is configured on the camera and is
already expressed in bits per second.
The
following aspects cater for redundancy:
CCTV cabling – star topology.
Parallel recording or failover recording in at least n+1 mode.
Layer 3 switch – n:1 redundancy.
Fail over video management system license.
Storage – minimum RAID 5.
For
scalability, the servers and switches should be loaded up to 80% only.
4.2.13 Image Presentation Devices
The
image presentation device(s) should be selected after taking account of the
nature of the image viewing task, the conditions in the control room or other
viewing space and the need to identify, recognize, detect or monitor. It should
be considered whether displays are also used for viewing maps, floor plans,
device lists, system status, alarm conditions, etc. When displaying images where
a significant amount of movement is present (e.g. traffic / Cab entry exit)
display refresh rates and resolutions should be matched to the image source.
Display
screens have different resolution depending on set-up and type. Display
resolution should be selected to match and complement the camera resolution and
resultant video resolution.
For
larger display surfaces, the efficient display resolution can be defined
according to the minimum visible size of a pixel. The size and resolution of
display screens should be considered together with the recommended display
sizes. An operator placed at a large distance may not be able to discern the
details of a small high-resolution monitor.
CCTV
cameras not only save businesses from lawsuits but also keep the guests
tension-free at all times. The concerns of the guests regarding their expensive
cars are automatically resolved when they see the parking area is monitored by
outdoor surveillance cameras. Some businesses may not be too wealthy to appoint
a security guard in every sensitive area of their premises, so going for CCTV
cameras will be a good idea. It is a one-time investment that constraints the
effort of opportunistic criminals.
4.3 Proposal Including System Design Site Plan
Once
the site survey and Operational requirements (OR) is completed the CCTV system
can be designed and a System Design Proposal (SDP) prepared.
Where
an OR is not available, as may be the case for less complex CCTV systems, the
SDP, drawn up as part of the process of ascertaining the customer’s needs,
expectations, and patterns of usage of the premises, forms the basis of the
agreement between the installing company and the customer as regards the CCTV
system to be supplied. At appropriate stages checks should be made to ensure
that the proposed implementation will meet the customers’ operational
requirements. The operational requirement and matching test procedure is
essential to assess whether the system can meet its required purpose.
The
design should take into account the various requirement and location factors
identified in the previous stages. At this stage a site plan should be drawn
up, including locations for the various key components e.g. cameras (including
field of view), and PTZ preset positions, detectors (including range and
coverage), control rooms, power supplies, interconnections, etc.
The
system design proposal should stipulate the conditions under which any test
image(s) should be used. For example if the system will be used in both day and
night conditions then separate tests should be performed for the different
light conditions.
The
site plan may be drawn on CAD, or be a hand drawn sketch with annotated
pictures taken by a digital camera as appropriate
Any
change to site plans, installation plans, system designs and/or logical
architecture should be included and attached to the final documentation and it
should include change permissions and risk/issue/logs generated during the
installation process.
4.4 Video transmission
Video
transmission describes the transfer of video from a capture device (camera) to
a viewing device (or software), a recording device (or software) or to a
storage device using switched networks. The networks may be hard wired or may
be wireless. Networks may combine different methods of transmission, e.g.
typically described as analogue or IP.
In
the case of both wired and wireless networks, sufficient defences should be put
in place in order to protect the end user to ensure that the video transmission
system is not vulnerable to attack from outside potentially rendering the asset
unprotected, or used as a means of penetrating another network to obtain
otherwise confidential information.
The
use of IP technology is becoming more widespread across a variety of
applications and industries. The security industry is no exception. IP can
often be used to provide a cost-effective means of installing/monitoring
security systems by exploiting existing infrastructure and enhancing and/or replacing
older arrangements.
If
an Alarm Receiving Centre (ARC) wishes to provide remote monitoring &
remote viewing of IP enabled systems, they will have to design and implement
robust network solutions.
A
network can be built up from many differing types of service. One of the more
common is ADSL (Broadband) but there is also SDSL, leased lines, megastreams,
kilostreams, GPRS (Cellular network), ISDN Dialup, PSTN Dialup and quite a few
other options in the form of direct links to service providers.
4.5 Bandwidth requirements
While
one single alarm system uses very small amounts of bandwidth, monitoring
several hundred or even thousands could have a dramatic impact on the ARC
links, i.e. consider open/close signals happening at more or less the same time
every day from all systems.
It
is unlikely that all these signals would be sent at exactly the same time so
bandwidth is unlikely to be of major concern to the ARC for a small number of
systems. However, as you start to calculate bandwidth requirements for CCTV you
can see that you quickly begin to use up the available bandwidth.
For
alarms, you should be more concerned with hardware systems able to process a
high number of systems simultaneously. e.g, firewalls, receivers/servers.
However,
a CCTV system sending multiple data streams could require significant bandwidth
in much the same way as a DoS attack (Denial of Service). There should be
systems in place to address these concerns.
There
are various benefits of installing CCTV cameras in Hostel premises. Some of
them are discussed below:
- Beside rooms, there
are various facilities that Hostels provide such as gym, swimming pool
etc. Presence of CCTV at these places helps to identify intruders and
management can take quick action to restrict them from entering the place.
- CCTV cameras help curb
unwanted access like that of intruders and uncategorized customers to Hostel
facilities like pool or Gym etc.
- The presence of CCTV
cameras in Hostel parking, corridors and entrances give a sense of
security to the parents. This has become a major selling point in Hostels
today.
- 24/7 surveillance
facilities of entry and exit areas help restrict trespassers from entering
the premises.
- CCTV when installed in
storage or maintenance rooms of Hostels helps in preventing a possible
theft by employees. Employees also hesitate to do any unethical activities
when they see a CCTV camera is installed and realizes
they are being monitored.
- Presence of CCTV
cameras in Hostel’s building and especially in parking area gives mental
peace and satisfaction to parents.
- There are some
unexpected activities such as slips, falls or fights that happen with students.
In such cases, the customer files a lawsuit against the Hostel and demands
alimony. To bring the truth out, management should analyse CCTV recording
and if they find that it happened because of negligence of Hostel, they
should quickly resolve the matter with client. If they see that Hostel is
not responsible for whatever happened, they can counter the allegation and
can use CCTV footage as evidence.
- These footage play a
key role in evading fraud lawsuits against the Hostel and gather evidence
in investigations. In case of in-house charges, CCTV camera footage helps
prove Hostel claim or accusations against students and in case of criminal
investigations help the police gather evidence.
- There are some students
who harm the property such as damaging furniture in common area or the
decorations and when they are fined, they deny. In such cases, CCTV
footage acts as evidence and strengthens the Hostel’s viewpoint.
When
CCTV cameras are installed in your Hostel premise, you and your parents can
remain tension free and focus on the event. While installing the cameras, the
management should consider that the cameras does not invade the privacy of any
manner, the only purpose of installing the cameras should be safety and
security of the students and Hostel premise.
5. Installation
5.1 Evaluation of Equipment
Where
a customization of a product/software is undertaken in order to meet specific
user needs, the customization should be tested equipment before being deployed.
The customization should also be tested against the user need defined.
Equipment may be required to exchange information in order to perform a
function of some kind (for example, to move a PTZ camera to a position based on
an input from another system, or increase the record rate and resolution of a
device based on the inputs from another device). In these cases it is
recommended the successful operation of the devices be tested first before
being deployed. This is particularly recommended if the equipment is made by
different manufacturers.
5.2 Cable laying
Security
camera cable is an important part of CCTV industry. The requirements of BS
7671 (Requirements for electrical installations, IET Wiring Regulations) should
be met using the edition current at the time of installation.
All
interconnecting cables should be fixed and supported and installed to conform
to good working practices.
As
we all know wired CCTV camera footage totally depend on the wiring system. If
cabling exposed, then it can be get tempered and you cannot get a video for a
crime evidence. Each and every cable of the camera never revealed, especially
for the outdoor environment. Covering all camera cable, also reduce the service
issues.
Possible
fixings and supports include:
•
Conduit: when metal (MS) is used, suitable bushes or grommets should be fixed
to each end to prevent damage to the cable. When conduit is used to carry the
cable it should terminate as close as possible to the unit to be connected.
•
PVC or metal trunking: where trunking is used to carry the cable it should
terminate as close as possible to the unit to be connected.
•
Insulated clips
•
Cable ties
•
Catenary Cables: When overhead catenary wires with loop holders or plastic
buckles are used the supporting wire should be securely attached to the
building. Self-supporting catenary cables may be used provided they are
correctly designed.
Camera
cable is basically manufactured in such a way that it should optimize
video signal quality. CCTV camera cable is composed of two sub cables that will
run simultaneously for transmitting both video and power signal, Analog Video
transmitting cable also called RJ59 Cable, one sub cable is the central
solid copper conductor core shielded by dielectric material, then further shielded
by copper or alloy braid that will transmit video signal and another is
power cables that will transmit power and both two-part is
insulated by PVC having diameter of 5.5 mm to 7.5 mm. IP Video transmitting
cable called CAT6 / CAT 6A etc.
All
cables should be of a type and size appropriate to the application and should
take account of transmission rate, electrical interference and voltage drop.
Any
plastic or PVC component used as part of the installation of cables should be
suitable for the environment in which it is installed. Externally mounted ties
and clips should be made of UV-resistant material.
Environmental
conditions such as dampness, excessive heat, risk of corrosion, mechanical or
chemical damage, should be taken into account when determining the degree of
protection required for cable runs.
Any
cables used underground should be suitable for that purpose and have adequate
protection from mechanical damage. Underground cables should provide a high
level of resistance to dampness, chemical reactions, corrosion and rodents.
5.3 Power Supplies Equipment
Power
supplies should be capable of meeting the largest load likely to be placed upon
them under normal operating conditions. The maximum load on the power supply
typically occurs during start-up of the system following a power failure. The
assessment of the electrical current demands for design purposes should also
include an extra tolerance of 5% to 10% over capacity.
Where
safety and security considerations do not require continued operation of the
CCTV system during a mains supply failure, the public mains supply may be the
sole supply for the system.
Power
supplies should be located within a secure area, in a position safe from
tampering, and should be ventilated in accordance with manufacturers’
requirements for safe operation.
All
equipment housings should be clearly marked with the operating, or supplied,
voltage, whichever is higher.
The
installation and position of additional power supplies should be considered if
voltage drop across cables is likely to reduce the voltage to equipment to an
unacceptable level. Alternatively, in some cases, it may be possible to reduce
the voltage drop in the cables by using cables with less resistance, greater
conductor size or by using more cores of a cable for the supply of power.
5.4 Camera Equipment
In
CCTV installation, the position of the camera plays a major role. if
you want to record a good footage from CCTV camera then you need find a best
place for it. Cameras should be mounted in positions free from obstructions and,
wherever possible, not directly viewing bright light sources. The mounting
position should allow installation and maintenance to be carried out in a safe
manner.
If
cameras are to be mounted on towers or brackets the following environmental
considerations should be made:
·
Rigidity,
taking into account potential wind velocity, equipment type and equipment
mounting and fixing positions.
·
Electrical
interference and the possibility of damage by lightning (see BS EN 62305).
·
Dust,
airborne particles and other potential sources of corrosion or contamination.
·
Condensation
inside housings and other equipment due to changing temperatures.
Tower
and bracket equipment should be installed according to the manufacturer’s
instructions and within loading specifications.
Where
movement of towers is possible, cables and cameras should be installed with
their safety and protection against tampering taken into consideration.
The
alignment and mounting of line of sight transmission equipment (e.g. optical
and microwave) is often critical and consideration should be given to the
method of alignment and to the rigidity of the mounting.
Wired
connections should, wherever possible, be concealed. Mechanical protection of
flexible cable to movable cameras should be considered where physical damage is
a possibility e.g. metal conduit or flexible conduit.
The
camera should be installed in such a way that it is difficult for an
unauthorised person to change the field of view of the camera. This can be
achieved by installing at a suitable location and height, the use of
appropriate physical mounting and possibly further by the use of security
fixings.
Consideration
should be given to the detection of loss of video signal, camera obscuring or
blinding on any connected camera. An audible and/or visual system alarm should
be generated to inform system operators that acknowledgement is needed and, if
defined in the OR, this alarm should be mapped to an output for connection to
an alarm system.
5.5 Recording Equipment
The
environmental conditions under which equipment will be expected to operate
should be taken into account and environmental housings affording appropriate
protection should be specified.
Equipment
should be installed to manufacturers’ instructions. To reduce the risk of
condensation a heater should be installed within housings that may be subject
to changes in temperature.
Where
there exists the possibility of penetration by solid objects, dust or water,
housings that afford appropriate environmental protection should be used. This
is typically quoted as an IP Rating. To prevent tampering, lockable enclosures
should be considered to house the control and recording equipment. A method of
user name and password to access control functions should be considered to
restrict access to authorized operators.
For
all control and recording equipment the following should be taken into
consideration:-
a.
Temperature.
b.
Airflow of equipment (front to
back, side to side, bottom to top, etc), ensuring that the layout of equipment
does not have these intakes/outlets blocked.
c.
Humidity.
d.
Dust and other air
contamination.
e.
Vibration.
f.
Electrical interference.
g.
Rigidity, taking into account
high wind velocity.
h.
Ease of access for maintenance
and service.
i.
Convenience of operator use.
5.5 Display Screens
Display
screens may be desk or wall mounted with consideration given to the ergonomics
of the operator or principal. The display screens should be installed to
minimise the effect of lighting, particularly sunlight, which can adversely
affect the viewing experience. Wall or ceiling mounted display screens should
be mounted using suitable brackets in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.
Consideration
should be given to the positioning of such screens to ensure they are above head
height or not in a position where people may bang their head on them.
Dos and don’ts of CCTV installation
The do’s in this section are your
go-to suggestions for the maximum utilization and best establishment of your
CCTV network.
1.
Place
at least two cameras at the entrance and exit gate. So, that you can get a
clear view of the people entering and exiting the Hostel.
2.
Install
cameras in all open areas of the campus or hostel which is accessible like the pool, park, lobby, service corridor,
loading dock, service exit, and stairs. Stairs and service exit are most
commonly left out of the surveillance system as they are considered place less
visited or used by the student. But this is where most systems fail as in most
cases these become grounds for suspicious activities.
3.
CCTV
cameras are important in rooms which store safe deposit boxes, money or
sensitive information as these are the places which have the most chances of
theft. Though not regularly followed, it is advised to have hidden cameras in
these locations because in most cases criminals find a way to avoid detection
once they know where the camera is installed.
4. CCTV
security network should be developed all around the campus or university from
every angle to protect the campus or university from the neighborhood and
unauthorized access.
Don’ts of CCTV installation: The
Don’ts majorly focuses on measures to prevent infringement of privacy. In
this network of CCTV cameras and cyber-security, privacy has become a major
concern.
1.
According
to the campus security and camera law, bathroom surveillance is illegal. So,
avoid installing cameras in bathrooms, you can install them in corridors so
that you know who went into the bathroom and when.
2.
Don’t
be swayed by the sales pitch, always opt for security systems which use
Category 5 or Category 6 twisted pair cables. Outdated tech is prone to
hacking, so it’s advised to have the latest.
3.
Don’t
waste your budget on Pan Tilt Zoom cameras, hoping to cover a large area with
zoom. It is not true nor is it efficient.
4.
Don’t
mount all your cameras on your on the ceiling or 15 feet walls. The height of
the camera prevents you from getting a good look at faces.
5.
Avoid
installing cameras in angles which could capture images inside a bathhouse,
washroom on the campus or Hostel premises.
There
are a lot of do’s and don’ts to Hostel security but this will give you a basic
lay of the land Technology is moving leaps and bounds every year and it’s
important to keep your system updated to beat the competition.
6. Commissioning, Handover and Documentation
Very
important part once installation or erecting activity has completed. Maximum
System integrator or vendors not mansion any commissioning handover cost on
their BOQ. That way vendor run away and system remain un-commissioned.
Commissioning
should consist of the inspection and testing of the installed system by the
installation technician/engineers; handover requires the demonstration of the
system to the user and the subsequent acceptance of the installation by the
customer along with proper manual / handing over document.
6.1 Testing & Commissioning
A
CCTV system test plan should be agreed and the tests should be selected to
demonstrate during handover that the CCTV system meets the agreed
specifications.
This
should include testing of the following aspects of the system(s):
•
All wiring is correctly terminated.
•
Supply voltage is correct to all appropriate parts of system. Where extra low
voltage cameras are used, the voltage at each camera should be recorded.
•
Operation of all monitoring, switching and recording equipment (including time
synchronisation) is satisfactory, including playback equipment.
•
Interfaces with alarms (e.g. movement alarms, fences) are satisfactory and
triggering of alarms is correct.
•
Beam interruption detectors are aligned correctly, where used for triggering
the CCTV system.
•
Appropriate notices to indicate CCTV in operation have been provided.
•
All indicator lamps are working.
•
If a standby power supply is specified, ensuring that the system continues to
operate correctly to specification when the mains supply is disconnected.
This
should also include testing of the following aspects for each camera:
•
Camera type and lens fitted is correct for each position.
•
Operation of all automatic and / or remotely controlled camera functions (e.g.
pan, tilt, zoom, focus, electronic iris and wiper) is satisfactory.
•
Correct setting of all pan and / or tilt limits.
•
Camera movement, and field(s) of view seen through the appropriate monitor(s),
is correct and free from obstruction.
•
Operation of electronic irises and focus is satisfactory under the range of
intended light levels (night conditions may be simulated through use of
suitable neutral density filters).
•
Satisfactory operation of supplementary lighting.
•
Warning labels are in place in respect of possible sudden movement of camera
positioning equipment and in respect of any devices that could cause injury,
including damage to the eye.
There
are test methods given in:
BS
EN 50132-7:2012, Annex B or C
BS
EN 62676-4, Annex B or C
These
test methods may be used wherever an objective evaluation is required to
confirm that the required performance can be obtained. The use of the test
methods listed above is a matter for agreement between customer and installer
and is not a requirement for every installation. Other test methods are
permissible.
Commissioning
should include visual and functional testing to ensure that:
a)
The system is installed in strict accordance with the agreed specification and
that the standard of workmanship is high, and
b)
The commissioning requirements of this Code of Practice and BS EN 62676-4 or EN
50132-7 are met.
6.2 Handover
At
handover, the installing company should:
•
Demonstrate all aspects of the system operation to the customer, including any
necessary safety precautions.
•
Ensure that the correct documentation (see 6.3) is given to the customer to
enable the system to be operated, adjusted and maintained.
•
Train the system user(s) in its correct operation and arrange for any necessary
future training.
•
Ensure that users know the procedure for summoning assistance in the event of
system malfunction.
Following
handover the customer should be asked to sign an acceptance document and to
enter any confidential information (e.g. passwords which restrict user access
to engineer and other reserved functions) required to make the system perform
to the agreed specification.
Access
to CCTV recorded images needs to be restricted and tightly controlled for Data
Protection Act purposes. This means staff should only have access if they need
it to achieve the purpose of the scheme. Third party access should be limited
to law enforcement, prosecution agencies, legal representatives, the media
(when assisting to catch a criminal) and people whose image has been recorded
(unless it would prejudice criminal proceedings). All requests and reasons for
denial need to be documented.
If
individuals want to view recorded images of them, they need to apply to the
data controller in writing and pay a small fee (max Rs50). The data controller
must deal with the request within 30 days – even if it is to deny their
application.
6.3 Documentation
Upon
completion of a CCTV installation there should be a record for each system
making up the installation, which should include the following information
where appropriate:
a)
The name and address of the protected site.
b)
The name and address of the customer.
c)
The location of each control unit and the type and location of each camera and
its associated hardware.
d)
An indication of the camera view(s), their purpose(s), and the area(s)
protected should be documented. The camera view(s) may be provided in the form
of a drawing, a hard copy printout or a video recording.
e)
The type and location of power supplies.
f)
Details of those cameras that the customer has the facility to manoeuvre or
isolate.
g)
The type and location of monitors and indicating and / or warning devices.
h)
Manufacturer’s documentation relating to equipment and its operational
settings/controls.
i)
Full instructions for the correct use of system including all type master &
operation passwords, including details of routine testing procedures and any
necessary maintenance requirements (see 7); possible sources of interference with
the system and equipment with which the system itself will interfere should be
identified.
j)
The operation, storage and cycling of recording media.
The
make and model number of all items of equipment should be stated in the system
record. The system record (i.e. for the “as installed” system) should be agreed
with the customer and a copy provided to the customer.
The
customer should be offered drawing(s) of the CCTV installation. Where symbols
are used in drawings, a key to these symbols should always be provided to
enable customers to understand the content of the drawings.
The
customer should be provided with the record of the results of the objective
test where this was agreed to be a requirement.
All
documentation referring to a security system should be kept in a place to which
access is restricted to authorized persons.
6.4 CCTV Signs
Students needs
to be aware that they are entering campus or hostel area that is being
monitored by CCTV surveillance equipment & operator review the video
footage. Signs should be placed so that they are clearly visible and legible.
The size of the sign will vary according to the circumstances of its location.
7.0 Maintenance
Effective
and regular maintenance of a CCTV surveillance system is essential to ensure that
the system remains reliable at all times. Regular maintenance by a service
company, and effective failure reporting by the user, will enable potential
problems to be identified at an early stage so that appropriate action can be
taken. If you are end user, it’s your responsibility to select your service
provider or service vendor. Basically who did the project that vendor win
service maintenance contract. If earlier installer not responds then you move
with new eligible service provider. Eligible means service provider should
member of ASIS Int, FSAI India or ISHRAE, should have letter of appreciation
from customer on CCTV, Fire Detection systems.
A
maintenance agreement should be agreed between the service company and the user
of the CCTV system and should include the following:
•
Preventative maintenance visits - Planned servicing of a system, carried out on
a scheduled basis.
•
Corrective maintenance - Emergency servicing of a system, or part thereof,
carried out in response to the development of a fault.
•
User maintenance - Basic responsibility of the user to maintain operation of
the CCTV system.
8.0 Monitoring
Monitoring
requirements of a CCTV system will vary greatly dependent on many factors, such
as whether there is a need to view live and / or recoded images, whether the
monitoring be done locally and / or remotely, the complexity of the CCTV system
and the type of response required be it a guarding, key-holder or perhaps
police response.
For
the data that you receive from CCTV surveillance cameras to be of any use, the
images produced need to be as clear as possible. Viewing of live images on monitors
in the school are usually restricted to the operator and any other authorized person
where it is necessary for them to see it. The monitor has been positioned so
that it is only visible to staff and members of the public are not allowed
access to the area where staff can view them.
Recorded
images are also viewed in a restricted area, such as a designated secure
office. The monitoring or viewing of images from areas where an individual
would have an expectation of privacy are restricted to authorized personnel.
For
school, the control room is located in the Head teacher’s office as cameras
show images that could not be seen by the public from the main reception and
access to the CCTV control room is strictly limited to the Senior Leadership
Team. The Head teacher will check and confirm the efficiency of the system
daily and in particular that the equipment is properly recording and that
cameras are functional.
8.1 Control Room
Attention
should be given to the ambient lighting within the control room and, if the
room has windows, how sunlight will affect the operators’ ability to monitor
the system. This may influence the overall control room layout or require
additional window blinds.
If
the CCTV system has a requirement for live viewing, camera control, system
management, or any other human intensive tasks, a control room should be
specified to house these functions. The ‘control room’ could be a single
workstation, or a large operations center.
The
operator should be presented with a manageable number of CCTV feeds (e.g. is
the operator able to suitably view 8 cameras and perform the viewing tasks
related to all of those camera views, and their anticipated levels of
activity?).
The
camera view should be presented to the operator at a size sufficient to allow
them to undertake the viewing tasks as above either routinely or by manual or
automatic switching of views. (E.g. is the operator being presented with views
intended for identification tasks, but displayed as part of a quad view, at a
lower resolution, reducing the amount of information available to the
operator?).
Spot
displays should be positioned directly in front of the operator at between
approximately 0.5 – 1.5m and of a sufficient size. They should also be placed
so that the operator can easily turn their sitting position to face the
displays.
8.2 Incident Response
Locally
agreed procedures should detail the action to be taken in the event of an
incident. These procedures should conform to those laid out as below:
•
Action to be taken
•
Who should respond?
•
The timescale for response
•
The times at which observation should take place
•
The criteria for a successful response
•CCTV
operators should maintain a record of all incidents in the appropriate incident
log.
The
overall indicator of successful response to incidents is that the CCTV scheme
fulfils its objectives, i.e.:
•
Restoration of tranquility
•
Dispersal or control of the situation
•
Prevention or minimization of injury and damage
•
Reduction of crime and disorder, to improve safety and reassure the guest
•
Identification of a suspect
•
Gathering relevant information to assist in the subsequent apprehension of
offenders
•
Apprehension of a suspect with evidence
•
Guest safety through effective evacuation
•
Traffic flow restored
8.3 Recording quality and storage
No
more images and information should be stored than that which is strictly
required for the stated purpose of a surveillance camera system, and such
images and information should be deleted once its purpose has been discharged.
Recorded
material should be suitable for evidential use as required by the courts if it
is to be admitted as evidence; it is therefore essential that recorded material
evidence maintains total integrity and continuity at all times. Appropriate
security measures should be taken to prevent unauthorized access to, or
alteration, disclosure, destruction, accidental loss or destruction of recorded
material.
Data
should not be released to campus or hostel outside the ownership of the CCTV
scheme, other than under guidelines referring to the release of information for
the purposes of identifying alleged offenders or witnesses, in accordance with
the particular CCTV control room’s policy and procedure.
8.4 Media use, storage and disposal
Recorded
material should be stored in a secure environment, so that the integrity of the
media is maintained. This includes recorded material that has been requested by
the law enforcement agencies or contains a known incident. Controlled access to
the recorded material storage area should be strictly maintained. Data that is
to be destroyed should be destroyed under controlled operation. The register
should show the life of the media at all stages whilst in the owner’s
possession; such a register may also show itself to be useful in enabling
evaluation of the CCTV scheme.
The
register should include the following:
•
Unique equipment reference number.
•
Time/date/person removing equipment from secure storage for use.
•
Time/date/person returning equipment to secure storage after use.
•
Remarks column to cover additional points (e.g. erase/destroy/handed over to
law enforcement agencies/removed from recording machine).
•
Time and date of delivery to the law enforcement agencies, identifying the law
enforcement agency officer concerned.
•
In the event of a non-automated system of erasure of data, the time/date/person
responsible for erasure and/or destruction.
8.5 Exporting recordings
When
exporting recordings the following procedure should be followed:
•
Maintain records of the operator(s) of the equipment. This enables the manager
to establish who was operating the equipment at any given time.
•
Record without interruption, wherever practicable. Any interruption should be
logged.
8.6 Optional Workstation
Of
course, you can always turn your optional computer into a storage unit by
configuring storage path to your computer; however, massive data storage could
slow your computer down and eat up storage space rapidly.
Not
only that, CCTV forage auditing you can do from computer. You need window
license based software only. That software takes screenshot of your open Camera
Viewing window. In this scenario you can see what camera saw. Camera see 24Hr,
you are able to see within 24min, I am confirm your DVR / NVR can’t do it.
‘Auditing’ means 'seeing' what the cameras 'saw'. CCTV video footage should be
audited daily; several times a day if need be. Depending on the requirements,
auditing of CCTV footage of critical cameras on a daily basis must become an
SOP. Auditing will help relevant stakeholders to ‘discover’ the 'unknown'.
Auditing as an activity may be manual, it may be post-facto, but it is a very
dedicated and systematic process, which helps address some of the challenges of
live monitoring (video blindness, poor attention span, boredom, bias, fatigue
etc.), as well as the challenges related to alert-based systems (how often has
one faced false alerts, or what is called the ‘cry-wolf’ effect). Auditing will
help discover issues as mentioned above as well as in identifying and analysing
threats and hazards (THIRA/HIRA) of various kinds. Auditing CCTV video footage
will also be extremely helpful in waste reduction and following the 5S
philosophy, i.e. sort, set, shine, standardize and sustain (all part of Six Sigma
practices). Moreover, in case of an
accident/incident, relevant authorities can analyse CCTV video footage to
determine whether implementing or improving existing policies, procedures, and
processes could help reduce the potential for future occurrences.
And
you can transfer those recordings from your computer to hard drive, pen drive,
USB and etc accordingly.
9. Additional Information
School
buses must mandatorily have GPS and CCTV cameras.
The
School Bus-in-charge must ensure that the bus is being driven only by the
authorized driver at all times on the route (especially in view of past
accidents where some other underage/unlicensed driver has taken the wheel
without being unauthorized to do so) by ascertaining from time to time with the
teacher/didi on the bus, and/or viewing of bus CCTV footage.
Special
care will be taken to ensure proper sealing and monitoring of areas which are
unoccupied or used less often. Ideally, these should be covered by CCTV and the
Vigilance officer must take a round of such areas every now and then to ensure
safety is not compromised.
References
·
BS EN 62676-4:2015 - Video surveillance
systems for use in security applications.
·
BS EN 11064-7:2006 - Ergonomic design of
control centres.
·
ANSI/BICSI 005-2016 – Electronic safety and
security system design and implementation best practices.
·
European Network and Information Security
Agency – Enabling and managing end to end resilience.
·
IPVM cabling best practices guide, Jan 3,
2018.
