Sensitivity vs Threshold

Sensitivity vs Threshold 

In video surveillance, sensitivity determines the smallest motion a camera can detect, while threshold defines the magnitude of that motion needed to trigger an event. A higher sensitivity setting allows the camera to register even minor movements, whereas a higher threshold makes it harder to trigger an event, requiring a more significant amount of motion to activate the motion detection. You often adjust these together to reduce false alarms from things like light changes while still capturing real events like a person or vehicle.

Sensitivity measures how responsive a system is to a stimulus, while the threshold is the minimum stimulus energy or change required to trigger a response, with sensitivity being the reciprocal of the threshold. In simpler terms, a high sensitivity means a low threshold and the system responds to small or subtle changes, whereas a low sensitivity implies a high threshold, requiring a significant change to elicit a reaction. 

Sensitivity

·        Definition: The ability of a system or person to detect a stimulus or respond to a change.

·        What it is: The ease with which a camera detects motion. 

·        Measurement: It is often defined as the inverse of the threshold. 

·        Function:  A high sensitivity means a system is more responsive and can detect very weak or small signals/changes.

·        How it works: A higher sensitivity value means the camera's motion detection algorithm is more "tuned in" to changes in pixels, allowing it to pick up on smaller or fainter movements.

·        Effect: A high sensitivity can lead to more alerts, as it's more likely to trigger from small, irrelevant movements. 

·        Example: A person with high sensitivity to noise might hear a faint sound that others don't. 

Threshold

·        Definition: The minimum level of stimulus energy, intensity, or change that is needed to activate a system or produce a detectable response.

·        What it is: The minimum amount of movement required to trigger a motion event.

·        Measurement: The specific level of input that is just enough to cause a reaction. 

·        Function: A low threshold means the system is easily triggered, while a high threshold requires a greater stimulus for a response.

·        How it works: It sets the bar for how much of a motion pixel change must occur before an alert is generated.

·        Effect: A higher threshold makes the system less likely to trigger, while a lower threshold will trigger the event more easily.

·        Example: A security camera's motion threshold determines the minimum amount of pixel change required to trigger an alarm. 

Relationship in Practice

·        Sensitivity and Threshold are Inversely Related: 

When sensitivity is high, the threshold is low, meaning less stimulus is needed for a response. Conversely, when sensitivity is low, the threshold is high, requiring a stronger stimulus to get a reaction. 

·        Adjusting for Performance: 

In tasks like motion detection, you adjust these settings together.

ü  Low sensitivity (high threshold): Reduces false alarms but may miss actual events. 

ü  High sensitivity (low threshold): Detects more subtle changes but increases the risk of false alerts.

Balancing Sensitivity and Threshold

·        Reduce False Alarms: You can use a combination of a higher threshold and moderate sensitivity to avoid triggering events from non-threatening movements (like swaying branches). 

·        Capture Key Events: You might use high sensitivity with a higher threshold to ensure you don't miss real events while still filtering out minor disturbances. 

Threshold value

As you mentioned the threshold value is a number in % and is the amount of pixels that is covered by the object relative the total amount of pixels in the picture. Let’s say that a person cover 15% of the total amount of pixels. Then the threshold value is 15%. For the system to detect that person the threshold level must be set to a lower value than 15%, let´s say 10%. Now, if something covers more than 10% of the pixels in the field of view the system will acknowledge that as an object of interest. But, that information will solely not trigger the system for motion detection… Therefore, we need a second parameter called Sensibility value.

Sensibility value

Sensibility is a parameter connected to if the object is moving slowly or fast. If the object is moving at all or if it is moving slowly or fast is determined from more mathematical calculations during a certain time interval. Let´s say that at time=1 the calculation gives the first threshold value. A specific time later at time=2 the second calculation gives the next threshold value and after time=3 it gives the third threshold value. If all these threshold values are the same the object is not moving and the system will not generate a motion trigg to start a recording of a video. But, if it is a difference between the threshold values something is happening with the object and it gets interesting. If the differences between the threshold values are small the object is probably moving slow. If the difference is big the object is probably moving fast. Let´s say that the system calculates a sensibility value that is between 0 and 100. A value of 0 means no change in motion, completely still. A value of 100 means t that the object is moving very fast. In Netcam system the Sensibility can be set to; very high – normal – very low. If you want to detect an object that moves very slowly you need to set the Sensibility to very high. Small changes in the sensibility value should be recognized as important and tell the system that here is something important going on. If the object is moving fast the sensibility value is high and it will also be recognized by the system as important. Well, why not always set the Sensibility to very high because then we will never miss a moving object? That is the million dollar question. If you set the Sensibility to very high it will detect everything and you will have a lot of false alarms! If you set the Sensibility to very low you will most likely never get a false alarm, but you will never get the moving object of interest either. Setting the Sensibility correct needs quite often some testing since it is very dependent of the situation.

‘Sensitivity’ is specified by most camera manufacturers using the ISO 12232 methodology. When using this saturation-based method, a higher ISO value means that it takes less light for the image to reach saturation but does not define how sensitive a sensor is to light (i.e., how many electrons are generated per incident photon) relative to the sensor noise.

ISO 12232 was established to give people an idea how a digital sensor compared to film speed, however it was never intended to give a full range of sensor performance. High-speed cameras are used in applications that demand good performance in low-light environments, which can not be determined by the ISO spec. To achieve a higher ISO rating the display settings of an image can be manipulated, such as by reducing the bit depth or full-well capacity. These specific changes make the image appear brighter but have an adverse effect on image quality and performance.

Consider the following limitations with the ISO 12232 specification when using it to compare high-speed cameras:

·        ISO 12232 does not account for noise performance. Instead, meaningful sensor qualities like Temporal Dark Noise (aka Read Noise) and Absolute Sensitivity Threshold, which indicates how well the sensor can identify detail from noise, are key attributes to discerning low light performance of the camera.

·        ISO is easily manipulated with added gain, which lowers Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and lowers Dynamic Range (DR). This trade-off gets masked because SNR and DR are not always reported, particularly not in relation to ISO. 

·        The rounding factor – Because ISO is based on film speed, manufacturers are instructed to round up to the closest defined ISO value above what was measured. This can inflate the value by up to 1/3 F-stop and is one reason it is not possible to get accurate photon level measurements with ISO as the basis for sensitivity.

·        The light source used for measuring ISO can be Tungsten or Daylight, and a monochrome camera using a Tungsten source will have a much higher spec when an IR filter is not used. Many applications do not have scattered or reflected light matching the spectrum of tungsten or daylight sources. Instead, it is best practice to use Spectral Responsivity plots (or QE curves) to determine how many electrons are generated relative to the number of incident photons across the visible and NIR spectrum. Spectral response curves are provided for all Phantom cameras.

Ultimately, there are too many unknowns to rely on the ISO 12232 specification when comparing sensitivity or any aspect of image quality. Vision Research has moved away from ISO as the way to spec sensitivity in favor of the EMVA 1288 standard, providing customers a full set of sensor parameters to evaluate the camera’s imaging performance.

 

Privileged Access Management

Privileged Access Management 

Privileged access management (PAM) is defined as the provisioning of tools that help organizations manage and secure accounts that have access to critical data and operations. Any compromise in these ‘privileged’ accounts can lead to financial losses and reputational damage for the organization.

Every organization’s infrastructure is built with multiple levels of deployments, data stores, applications, and third-party services. Some of these components are critical for operations, while some may be as mundane as email.

But each of these is accessed by user accounts, which are of two types:

Human users: They are typically employee accounts, encompassing all departments, including HR, DevOps, and network administrators. 

Automated non-human users: These are third-party applications and services that require an account to integrate with the organization’s systems.

‘Privilege’ is defined as the authority that an account has to modify any part of the company’s technology architecture, starting from individual devices to the office network. This privilege allows the bypassing of security restraints that are normally applied across all accounts.

A standard account is a norm among employees, with the least privileges attached to it. These accounts are used to access and operate limited resources such as internet browsing, emails, and office suites. A privileged account possesses more capabilities than a standard account. This elevated access is gained using privileged credentials.

Despite the numerous headline-making incidents in recent years, cybercrime continues to rise with reported data breaches increasing by 75% over the past two years. For those that suffer a breach, the repercussions can be costly:

increased public scrutiny, costly fines, decreased customer loyalty and reduced revenues. It is no wonder that cybercrime has risen towards the top of the concern list for many organisations and the customers with whom they do business.

You’ve heard many of the stories. Equifax, Uber, Facebook, My Heritage, Under Armor, and Marriott. Personal data from millions of their customers was stolen. Even though the number of breaches went down in the first half of 2018, the number of records stolen increased by 133 percent to almost 4,5 billion records

worldwide. Unfortunately things are only likely to get worse. According to a 2018 study from Juniper Research, an estimated 33 billion records will be stolen in 2023 – this represents a 275 percent increase from the 12 billion records

that are estimated to have been stolen in 2018.

Are you ready for more bad news? Thanks to the demands of the application economy, the threat landscape has expanded and protecting against these threats has only gotten more challenging.

Victims of the future

Digital transformation is a necessity for organisations to not only survive, but thrive in the application economy. But these transformations are creating an expanding set of new attack surfaces that must be defended, in addition to the

existing infrastructure that you’ve been protecting for years. These new points of vulnerability include:

DevOps adoption: In more sophisticated IT shops, continuous delivery/ continuous testing practices have introduced automated processes that see no human intervention at all. In many cases, these scripts or tools are often using hard-coded administrative credentials that are ripe for theft and misuse.

Hybrid environments: As your IT environment has evolved to include

software-defined data centres and networks, and expanded outside of your four walls to incorporate public cloud resources and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications, the traditional way of approaching administration and management quickly falls apart – mainly because it fails to protect new attack surfaces like management consoles and APIs.

Internet of Things: Smart devices are proliferating in our lives, from phones to watches, from refrigerators and cars to medical implants and industrial machinery. And because these devices have connectivity, not only can they be hacked, but they are already being compromised where security is inadequate or non-existent.

Third-party access: Outsourcing development or IT operations has become the

norm. In addition, many companies are sharing information with partners. However, many of these third-party employees are being granted ‘concentrated power’ via administrative access. Who is watching how they are using or potentially misusing that access?

Take hold of the flame

Stealing and exploiting privileged accounts is a critical success factor for types of attacks. This is not surprising when one considers that privileged identities have access to the most sensitive resources and data in your environment; they literally hold the keys to the kingdom.

Thankfully, there is a positive angle you can take on this fact. If privileged accounts are the common thread amongst the innumerable attack types and vulnerability points, then these accounts – and the credentials associated with them – are exactly where you should focus your protection efforts.

For many, focusing on ‘privileged users’ is difficult because its population can be so diverse. Privileged accounts and access are not just granted to employees with direct, hands-on responsibility for system administration, but also to contractors and business partners. You may even have privileged unknowns who are securing ‘shadow IT’ resources without your knowledge. And finally, in many cases, privileged accounts aren’t even people – they may be applications or configuration files empowered by hard-coded administrative credentials.

This begs the question, if you can’t even get a clear tally of who represents your privileged user population, how can you hope to protect these accounts?

By securing those accounts at each stop along the breach kill chain.

Breaking the chains

What is a kill chain? It’s the series of steps an attacker typically follows when carrying out a breach. While the chain can comprise numerous steps, there are four key ones in which privileged credentials represent the cornerstone of an attack. These include:

1. Gain access and expand: To access the network, insiders might exploit the credentials they already have, while outsiders will exploit a vulnerability in the system to steal the necessary credentials.

2. Elevate privileges: Once inside, attackers will often try to elevate their privileges, so they can issue commands and gain access to whatever resources they’re after.

3. Investigate and move laterally: Attackers rarely land in the exact spot where the data they’re seeking is located, so they’ll investigate and move around in the network to get closer to their ultimate goal.

4. Wreak havoc: Once they have the credentials they need and have found exactly what they’re looking for, the attackers are free to wreak havoc (e.g. theft, business disruption, etc.).

If you can prevent an unauthorised user – insider or outsider – from gaining access to the system in the first place, you can stop an attack before it even starts.

To prevent unauthorised access, you must:

• Store all privileged credentials in an encrypted vault and rotate these credentials on a periodic basis.

• Authenticate all users, applications, and services before granting access to any

privileged credential.

• Employ automatic login and single sign-on so users never know the privileged credential.

Limiting privilege escalation

In many networks, it’s common for users to have access to more resources than they actually need – which means attackers can cause maximum damage quickly and even benign users can cause problems inadvertently. This is why granular access controls are so important.

To limit privilege escalation, you must:

• Adopt a ‘zero trust’ policy that only grants access to the systems people need for work.

• Implement filters and white/black lists to enable fine-grained access controls.

• Proactively shut down attempts to move laterally between unauthorised systems.

Monitoring privileged activity

Whether it’s a trusted insider who wandered into the wrong area or an attacker with malicious intent, there’s a very good chance that at some point users will gain access they shouldn’t have.

The challenge, then, is to improve visibility and forensics around user activity within sensitive systems. To deter violations at this late stage of the kill chain, you must:

• Ensure that all privileged access and activity is attributed to a specific user.

• Monitor all privileged activity to proactively detect unusual behaviour and trigger automatic mitigations.

• Record all user sessions so that all privileged activities can be played back in DVR-like fashion.

• Review and certify privileged access on a periodic basis to ensure that it is still required.

Barcode Access Control System for Businesses

Barcode Access Control System for Businesses 

In the ever-evolving landscape of security technology, access control systems have become increasingly sophisticated. With so many options, it can be difficult to know which is best and how to choose the right system for your company. A barcode access control system is one way you can control who physically enters your facilities. It’s a relatively inexpensive and flexible security option.

Chances are, you’ve encountered barcode access control systems in the past, be it at a place of work or in a public place. They simplify access control for users and administrators alike.

What is an Access Control System? 

An access control system regulates who has access to your property. Via various methods, the system grants access to authorized people and denies access to unauthorized people.

Access control systems can be simple, requiring people to swipe a card or punch in a code. Most access control brands, such as Openpath and Vanderbilt, can also be intricate, requiring cards to be swiped in a certain order or using biometric information to grant or deny access. Barcode systems are common and intuitive. 

What is a Barcode Access Control System?  

A barcode access control system is a relatively simple system that’s easy to implement on a wide scale. It requires employees or authorized personnel to present a barcode to gain access to the facility.

In addition to scanning barcodes, a similar form of access control scans QR codes as well. These both work in the same way; the person attempting to gain access swipes their code or displays it in front of a reader to gain access. 

How Does a Barcode Access Control System Work? 

Barcode access control works through a simple process. Barcode readers scan barcodes, which can be on paper, phones, devices, key tags, id cards, or badges, for example.

Access can be granted via automatic or manual readers. With automatic readers, you’ll need to install scanners at each entrance where you want to control access. Many companies and businesses that require patrons to gain access use automatic readers so employees or patrons can access the facility at any time. For example, an employee can swipe into work in the morning, and they can also swipe in at 9 pm when they realize they left their wallet at their desk. Similarly, patrons at a 24/7 gym can show up to work out at 3 am without requiring an employee to let them in.

With manual readers, you’ll need to station an employee with a handheld scanner at each entrance where you want to control access. This is typically used in workplaces where security is more important. You might also see manual readers with stationed employees at events that require barcode access, such as a concert or sporting event. 

When somebody attempts to gain access, they’ll swipe their barcode in the scanner. The scanner is connected to the access control system and sends the information from the swipe to the system. 

The access controls system records the unique ID that attempted access along with the date and time. It also grants or denies access. If access is granted, the system will unlock the door or complete whatever action is needed for the person to gain entry.

Types of Barcodes Used:

• Linear Barcodes: Traditional barcodes with parallel lines, like UPC and EAN. 
• 2D Barcodes (QR Codes): Can store more data and are often used with smartphones. 

What Are the Pros and Cons of a Barcode Access Control System? 

Barcode access control systems are relatively straightforward, and they’re used in many industries. Many office buildings use them for employees, and you may have also encountered them in public places, such as a gym, public transportation, or on a college campus.

Many industries use this type of system, but it isn’t right for everybody. Understanding the pros and cons can help you determine if you should choose a barcode access control system for your business.

Pros of Barcode Access Control 

Compared to other types of access control, a barcode access control system is relatively inexpensive. It’s also easy to create a new barcode for a new employee or for temporary access. In fact, you can regularly create new barcodes for temporary employees or visitors, and you can also specify when certain people will be granted access.

Barcode systems provide an opportunity to keep tabs on traffic. Because they log who is accessing the area and when, you can see the busy or slow times. You can also keep track of any access attempts that were denied. The system keeps tabs on when each person was granted access as well, which is helpful if you need to investigate an incident. It can help you narrow down who was likely in the building at the time the incident occurred.

Barcodes can also be duplicated and are non-proprietary. This makes it simple to customize the system, create new codes, and keep the access control system running smoothly. A common way to use barcode access control is for entrance to concerts or special events. It’s easy to create a one-time barcode for somebody to print or display on their phone. All they need to do is scan their code to gain entry to the event. 

Cons of Barcode Access Control 

Barcode access control isn’t the most secure form of access control. A biometric reader, for example, is better at ensuring the person attempting to gain access is who they say they are. Allowing 24/7 access to anybody with a barcode can present a security risk. 

Additionally, barcode access control requires people to swipe their card or place it in front of an optical reader. This isn’t a huge deal for most people, but it can be more cumbersome than simply getting near the reader with a prox card. If employees are often entering the building carrying a lot of things, this can be frustrating for them.

Courtsy: Alicia Betz for supportive information.

PCI- SSC in Access & Video Surveillance

PCI- SSC in Access & Video Surveillance 

The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) does not mandate specific video surveillance requirements, but it does have general physical security requirements that can be fulfilled through video surveillance or other methods. PCI DSS Requirement 9.1.1 specifically states that organizations must monitor physical access to sensitive areas using either video cameras or access control mechanisms. 

In this era of widespread digital transactions, we cannot overstate the importance of PCI-SSC. PCI-SSC serves as a guiding beacon, directing organizations toward the highest levels of security when handling payment card information. By prioritizing and adopting PCI-SSC standards, organizations can defend themselves against online attacks and enhance the overall integrity and reliability of the global payment ecosystem. The dedication of PCI-SSC to protecting the cornerstone of contemporary commerce remains unwavering, even as technological improvements continue.

What is PCI-SSC?

The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council is a global organization founded in 2006 by credit card companies such as Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, and JCB. Its mission is to develop and improve security standards for payment card transactions. The PCI-SSC is crucial in bringing stakeholders from the payments industry to create and promote adopting data security standards and resources. It is responsible for crafting and updating the PCI Security Standards, guidelines that dictate how organizations must protect cardholder data.

Compliance with PCI-DSS is mandatory for all entities that handle credit cards, encompassing those that accept, transmit, or store such information. To assist organizations in meeting PCI-DSS requirements, the PCI-SSC offers a range of resources, including training programs, assessment tools, and best practices. The significance of PCI-SSC lies in its dedication to safeguarding cardholder data from fraud and theft, aiding organizations in reducing the risk of data breaches, and ensuring the security of their customers.

Role of PCI-SSC

1. Develop and Maintain the PCI-DSS:

The PCI-SSC actively develops and updates the PCI Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS), outlining guidelines for safeguarding cardholder data. It ensures the PCI-DSS remains current and addresses the latest security threats. The PCI-SSC actively maintains and evolves the standards to meet the dynamic challenges of securing payment card information.

2. Promote Awareness of PCI-DSS Compliance:

The PCI-SSC actively raises awareness about PCI-DSS compliance through its website, social media, and public relations campaigns. Collaborating with industry organizations, it strives to promote understanding and adherence to PCI-DSS across various channels. The PCI-SSC engages in widespread efforts to highlight and encourage compliance with PCI-DSS standards.

3. Assess Organizations for PCI-DSS Compliance:

The PCI-SSC does not directly assess organizations for PCI-DSS compliance. Instead, it approves and supervises Qualified Security Assessors (QSAs) who conduct PCI-DSS assessments. In essence, the PCI-SSC delegates the assessment process to qualified professionals to ensure compliance with PCI-DSS standards.

4. Educate and Train Organizations on the PCI-DSS:

The PCI-SSC provides diverse training programs and resources to educate organizations on complying with the PCI-DSS. These offerings encompass a broad spectrum of subjects, including security requirements, assessment procedures, and best practices, aiming to equip organizations with comprehensive knowledge and skills. The PCI-SSC actively fosters education and training to implement PCI-DSS guidelines effectively.

Importance of PCI-SSC

1. Protection Against Cyber Threats:

In the digital age, there’s been a concerning rise in cyber threats like data breaches and identity theft. PCI-SSC serves as a safeguard by establishing and maintaining security standards that businesses must follow, guaranteeing the protection of sensitive payment information from potential threats.

2. The PCI-DSS is Up-to-Date:

The PCI-SSC actively updates the PCI-DSS to address the latest security threats, ensuring that organizations employ the most effective security measures for cardholder data protection. This ongoing process reflects the commitment to staying ahead of evolving risks in the digital landscape. In essence, organizations benefit from a current and robust framework to safeguard sensitive information.

3. Facilitating PCI-DSS Compliance:

The PCI-SSC provides diverse resources, such as training programs, assessment tools, and best practices, to assist organizations in complying with the PCI-DSS. These offerings simplify the compliance process for organizations of all sizes, ensuring accessibility and support in implementing PCI-DSS guidelines.

4. Comprehensive Security Framework:

PCI-SSC establishes a comprehensive framework encompassing payment card security aspects like network security, encryption, access controls, and regular testing. This all-encompassing strategy ensures vulnerabilities are tackled from various perspectives, establishing a solid defense mechanism against potential breaches.

PCI DSS and Physical Security:

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) includes requirements for protecting physical access to areas where cardholder data is stored, processed, or transmitted.

The PCI standard requires, “either video cameras or access control mechanisms (or both) to monitor individual physical access to sensitive areas,” which allows some flexibility. “Sensitive areas” include:

“data centers, server rooms, back-office rooms at retail locations, and any area that concentrates or aggregates cardholder storage, processing, or transmission. . . This excludes public-facing areas where only point-of-sale terminals are present, such as the cashier areas in a retail store ”

Bottom line: If your PCI compliance solution lacks relevant access control, then you will need security cameras monitoring individual physical access to your organization’s sensitive areas.

Requirement 9.1.1:

This requirement focuses on monitoring physical access to sensitive areas, which include data centers, server rooms, and other locations where cardholder data is handled.

Video Surveillance as a Solution:

Organizations can use video cameras or other access control mechanisms (like keycard systems) to meet this requirement.

Not a Requirement for Footage Retention:

Importantly, PCI DSS does not mandate a specific retention period for video surveillance footage.

Focus on Access Control:

The primary goal of these physical security measures is to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive areas, thus protecting cardholder data.

Key considerations when using security cameras for PCI compliance

Here are four additional considerations specific to security cameras in the context of PCI compliance:

1. Regularly scheduled risk assessments. A full understanding of the security camera system, business environment, and threat environment allows for any adjustments needed to maintain compliance and continuously improve processes.
2. Employee training & awareness. Educating employees about PCI compliance is essential to program success. Employees who are aware can understand how their role can impact compliance and support ongoing program success.
3. Partnering with a vendor. A vendor that understands PCI compliance using security cameras and that offers solutions can remove the burden of program management from your staff, so you can focus on your mission-critical activities. Vendors also have knowledge leadership in the field that typically yields optimal program performance and results.
4. Security cameras + access control. A hybrid solution provides the highest level of compliance and protection. Seamless integration of access control with security cameras provides a framework for full visibility and control of your security environment.

Can the video retention be motion-based?

The PCI standard does not specify whether security systems that utilize motion-based video may be used. However, 24/7 recording with time stamps provides a comprehensive, clear record of all entry and exit events in an area for access control purposes.

The advantage of motion-based recording is reduced costs for storage. The disadvantages include false positives from background motion (passing cars, blowing leaves, birds, etc.) and false negatives (cameras not activating to record incidents). 24/7 recording avoids those disadvantages, while the three-month requirement under PCI makes data storage costs manageable.

Maintaining compliance

Achieving PCI compliance is simply the beginning. Maintaining compliance requires a consistent, strategic commitment to an ongoing compliance program. The three most important elements of an effective program are:

1. Dedicate resources necessary to continuously maintain compliance. This includes commitments of people and technologies.
2. Regularly assess & test the information security environment. Implement a framework to identify whether controls are working and enact appropriate changes that support continuous improvement.
3. Mature your vulnerability management. Vulnerability scans, patching, configuration management, passwords, and permissions reviews are part of an ongoing program to understand and respond to evolving vulnerabilities.

Ref:

1.      https://kirkpatrickprice.com/video/pci-requirement-9-1-1-use-either-video-cameras-access-control-mechanisms-monitor-individual-physical-access-sensitive-areas/

2.      https://www.getscw.com/knowledge-base/pci-compliance-doesn-t-need-90-days-of-footage#:~:text=PCI%20DSS%20has%20no%20specific,no%20requirements%20for%20footage%20retention.

3.      https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/

 

How IoT & AI transforming logistics

How IoT and AI are transforming logistics? 

In the 21st century, there has been a huge buzz about the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT now has touched every little aspect of our life that we just cannot ignore. Technology has worked beyond our expectations. Connectivity, convenience, efficiency are some of the perks of IoT which has made us rely on this technology even more.

Logistics is difficult because it is hard to keep track of everything. Although most logistics and transportation service providers use mobile technology, changes in regulatory environments, rising labour costs, increased traffic, and volatile fuel prices can impact operations. Companies are also faced with an increasing demand for transparency from the market. With machine learning (ML), and data-driven supply chains that are intelligent and data-driven, the latest developments in AI/IoT are changing logistics. AI can improve logistics efficiency while allowing businesses to respond quickly and flexibly to customer needs and industry trends.

Real-time tracking and remote monitoring solutions for smart IoT logistics

AI and IoT have unmatched potential to keep almost everything connected (e.g., assets, trucks, etc.) through embedded sensors and gateway connectivity. This allows for unprecedented visibility into operations, personnel, equipment, and transactions. Companies can connect all their assets to a central cloud network if they have the right intelligent AI solution. Machine learning models can help analyze critical data and ensure smooth operations. Due to improved asset tracking and remote fleet management, logistics operations will be more efficient and compliant. It is possible to locate and monitor key assets to improve logistics in smart cities, prevent quality problems, maintain inventory levels, and optimize logistics once an IoT-enabled infrastructure has been created and deployed.

Users can analyze the collected data to identify patterns and take the correct actions. Fleet managers can monitor and manage all aspects of their fleet through one interface. This allows them to make informed decisions about how goods will be stored, routed, delivered, and tracked. Recent research shows that IoT investments have led to dramatic improvements in efficiency for companies. Companies in logistics and transportation can use embedded sensors, connected devices, and analytics technology to intelligently mine complex asset databases, optimize operations, and create new revenue opportunities. AI-generated predictive analytics is also available to help avoid risk, optimize routes and predict future demand.

IoT technologies allow you to:

• monitor all processes in real time.
• determine the performance of people and make adjustments in the course of work to improve it;
• automate the process and reduce the amount of manual work.
• optimize the process of joint work of people, systems, and assets.
• implement a more effective innovative approach based on the data obtained.
• improve service quality and minimize risks in case of unforeseen circumstances.

At the moment, the most favorable circumstances are emerging for transforming the logistics industry at the expense of the Internet of Things: the rapid development of the mobile application market, the introduction of user devices into the corporate IT system, the emergence of 5G networks, the development of effective solutions for working with Big Data, etc. In addition, Today, customers are increasingly demanding innovative approaches, which also contributes to a faster process of deploying IoT technologies in logistics.

To understand how effective the Internet of things is, you can consider how its solutions are used in other industries. In each case, the introduction of IoT technologies gives the user a lot of advantages, including:

• achieving operational efficiency and cost reduction.
• ensuring security and reliable security.
• increasing the efficiency of customer service experience.
• implementation of successful business models.

Here’s how IoT and AI are transforming logistics.

Remote asset tracking

IoT in asset tracking systems refers to automating processes and adding AI parts to many previously performed workflows. IoT-enabled asset management solutions offer predictive maintenance, top-down visibility, and real-time alerts via IoT sensors. Companies can track asset information using IoT sensors without human intervention. They can be attached to assets with or without traditional asset tags, such as QR codes or barcodes.

Predictive asset Maintenance

Predictive maintenance is primarily based on data-driven decisions and real-time monitoring. The spread of wireless connectivity and advances in AI are transforming industries digitally. IoT technology enables sensors to transmit equipment data in real-time, allowing the authorities to predict asset conditions through advanced analytics. Predictive asset maintenance can help organizations reduce downtimes significantly, thereby eliminating the chances of poor machine performance.

Real-time fleet management

IoT technology enhances smart and data-driven insights, where managers can identify loopholes in real time for quick decision-making. IoT promotes real-time monitoring for fleets in the logistics industry. Real-time fleet tracking and delivery management in logistics are significantly advancing with sensor devices and gateways. Vehicle tracking systems that are efficient and accurate have a track record of reducing last-mile delivery costs. Frost & Sullivan reports that improving driving habits alone can help reduce fuel consumption by 25%.

Warehouse-capacity optimization

With the introduction of IoT technology in the logistics sector, transport authorities are finding it more convenient to keep track of the entire supply chain process, including warehouse management. The installed sensors are capable enough to identify the warehouse capacity and alert the managers about the requirements with every specific detail. The technology is advanced enough to allow fleet managers to optimize the warehouse capacity wherever and whenever required with a tap on their devices.

Route optimization

The combination of AI and IoT is a one-of-a-kind duo, enabling route optimization for every user. Every smartphone or smart asset is now launched with a built-in GPS as an added convenience. So, route optimization is one of the main features that simplify supply chain processing during transit. The drivers can easily pick the smallest route to reduce fuel spending and deliver the product early at the same time.

The Internet of Things and artificial intelligence are rapidly taking over transport management. These technologies optimize shipment and make processes more profitable, productive, efficient, and user-friendly. Combining the two advanced technologies makes it efficient for transport businesses to excel through predictive analysis and data-driven insights. This enhances the industry’s potential, covering all aspects and transforming conventional logistics processing into a modernized one. There’s no doubt that IoT and AI are merging as advancements for the transportation industry, allowing businesses to stand out amongst competitors.

Success factors of IoT in logistics

To get the most out of the benefits of implementing IoT technologies, it is important to create a single network of smart assets linked across the supply chain. To achieve this goal will allow certain factors:

• the use of unique identifiers for a variety of assets.
• ensuring data exchange between sensors in heterogeneous systems.
• ensuring confidentiality and establishing trust relationships.
• the transformation of business processes according to the decisions of the Internet of Things.
• focus on creating an IoT reference architecture.

This is the only way to optimize everything, even automated processes, and unlock the full potential of the Internet of Things in the field of logistics.