Chinavirus infection control in existing building design

COVID-19 infection control in existing building design

The recent spread of the pandemic chinavirus or coronavirus (COVID-19) has brought several new questions to the forefront with respect to the design and operation of the buildings in which we spend much of our time, specifically when it comes to infection control.

Many of us are asking “how clean are our buildings, really?” and, “what can be done to control the spread of viruses in a high-density space?” Topics like surface cleaning and air purification practices that were once the sole domain of the health care industry are now top of mind in discussions about workplaces, restaurants, education facilities, retail spaces and grocery stores. With this renewed interest comes a new market for many high-quality sanitation and air filtration products — but separating the valid claims from the noise can be difficult.

HEPA filtration

High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are most effective at removing small particles.

A standard air high-efficiency particulate air filter looks and acts much like any air filter in that it captures but does not kill contaminants. The HEPA designation means that the filter assembly was designed and tested to capture 99.7% of particles in the air passing through it that are 0.3 microns in size. The 0.3-micron size represents the most difficult particle size to capture so the 99.7% capture rate actually represents the worstcase efficiency of the filter. For particles that are larger or smaller than 0.3 microns, the capture rate increases.

Figure 1: High efficiency particulate air filters can be very effective in capturing and removing viruses from air streams, as long as they pass through the filter. Courtesy: Lance Schmittling/Henderson Engineers

Since most viruses are less than 0.3 microns, HEPA filters can be very effective in capturing and removing viruses from air streams. HEPA filters are typically installed in the ductwork and therefore must rely on the room airflow patterns to carry contaminants to the filter, small particles like viruses circulate in the room for an extended time before eventually making their way to the filter for capture. While highly effective and reliable, an in-duct HEPA filter is more appropriate

in preventing cross contamination between spaces.

Disadvantages:

• Only captures particles from the ducted air — not within the space.

• Some increase in energy usage due to increase air pressure drop and motor work.

• Increased maintenance due to filter replacement.

Advantages:

• Proven technology, no moving parts, easily retrofitted.

• Effective at particle entrapment.

• Effective at protecting space-to-space contamination.

Bipolar ionization

Bipolar ionization generators create positively and negatively charged oxygen ions which bind to contaminants in the indoor air, either causing them to drop out of circulation in the room or to be captured by a mechanical filter within an air handling unit. When properly installed, operated and maintained, bipolar ionization systems can reduce dust and mold, capture odors, reduce volatile organic compounds and reduce viruses and bacteria in the air.

Figure 2: Bipolar ionization generators create positively and negatively charged oxygen ions, which bind to contaminants in the indoor air. Courtesy: Lance Schmittling/Henderson Engineers

Ions generated by these devices typically have a relatively short life span, so it’s important to regularly pass room air over the ion generator to ensure sufficient contact. Typically, bipolar ionization generators are installed in the ductwork or directly in the air handling unit, but recirculating room units are available through some manufacturers

Disadvantages:

• Emitter wear and calibration requirements.

• Only captures particles from the ducted air — not within the space.

• Potential to create ozone byproduct.

Advantages

• Little additional pressure drop added to system.

• Requires no re-engineering of existing HVAC system.

Humidification

Pathogens and infectious droplets travel further in dry air, especially when the relative humidity is below 40%, which is partly why we tend to see more illness in the drier winter months. By maintaining indoor relative humidity between 40% to 60%, building operators can reduce the risk of spreading airborne infectious diseases in their facilities.

Disadvantages

• Does not capture or kill pathogens.

• Consumes water for humidification.

• Can add significant cost to the system installation.

Advantages:

• Creates a less hospitable building climate for viruses.

• Reduces static.

• Increases occupant comfort in winter.

Ultraviolet sterilization

Anyone who has ever gotten a sunburn is familiar with UV light’s ability to degrade organic materials. Given the proper contact time and intensity, UV light can inactivate viruses and bacteria — rendering them harmless. UV lights can be installed in an air handling unit or even directly in the space itself, but the light must directly contact the pathogen in order to be effective. There is no travel distance or “conditioning” of the air that takes place.

UV light, with a wavelength between 200 to 280 nanometers has proven to be the most effective for infection control while inflicting minimal damage to human skin or other mammals present in the space.

Disadvantage

• Does not filter contaminants from the space.

Advantages:

• Can destroy microorganisms like mold, bacteria and germs.

• Applicable in a room-based or air handlerbased setting.

Body temperature detection

One way to control the risk of infection in your facility is by detecting potentially contagious patrons before (or as) they walk through your doors. To do this, one widely discussed solution is the application of thermal imaging to detect body temperatures. These systems work by using infrared radiation to evaluate temperature differences on the surfaces of the skin or other materials. A variety of devices exist with this technology including ceiling/wall-mounted cameras, handheld thermal imagers or devices integrated into existing security or building automation systems. Standard can help to know details procedure.

In particular, the world's two top international standards groups, the IEC and ISO, have published 3 standards covering fever (i.e., febrile) screening:

• IEC 80601-2-59:2017 Medical electrical equipment — Part 2-59: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of screening thermographs for human febrile temperature screening
• ISO/TR 13154:2017 Medical electrical equipment — Deployment, implementation and operational guidelines for identifying febrile humans using a screening thermograph
• ISO 80601-2-56:2017 Medical electrical equipment — Part 2-56: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of clinical thermometers for body temperature measurement

FDA Endorsed

Both organizations have published detailed standard guides for fever detecting thermal camera solutions, and the FDA has endorsed them, including in their most recent guidance stating:

cameras are tested and labeled consistent with the following standard: IEC 80601-2-59:2017

the camera's labeling references and is consistent with the guidelines in ISO/TR 13154: 2017

FDA considers body temp screening cams (paired with a thermometer to confirm the fever) to be medical devices, technically a "Telethermographic system intended for adjunctive diagnostic screening". These require FDA 510(k) clearance before being marketed, a process that takes around 130 days. On Apr 17, 2020 The US FDA has declared it will not go after the many companies marketing unapproved fever detection cameras during the coronavirus public health emergency, even though it does consider these products medical devices, it has announced 10 page new guidance ( Click to get enforcement policy). The FDA says that a 'prominent notice' should be included, explaining: The labeling includes a prominent notice that the measurement should not be solely or primarily relied upon to diagnose or exclude a diagnosis of COVID-19, or any other disease.

ISO give importance of the inner eye area is best real-life thermal cam images from the ISO/TR 13154:2017. thermal cam readings must use a blackbody.

The IEC also states to the OPERATOR to ensure that the FACE is unobstructed by hair, eyeglasses, and other objects because their presence will interfere with the ability of a SCREENING THERMOGRAPH to detect a febrile condition. Notably, ISO states a face mask is also an obstruction, and leads to warmer-than-usual readings due to warm breath exhalations being reflected back onto the face.

IEC states the minimum laboratory accuracy for a thermal camera including the measurement uncertainty shall be less than or equal to an offset error of ±0,5°Cover the range of at least 34°C to 39°C

IEC states face should be parallel to the camera shall accommodate a FACE that is positioned 0.75 m to 2.2 m above the floor. This requirement may be met by moving the infrared camera. The plane of the lens of the infrared camera also should be parallel to the FACE and in line with the TARGET.

IEC states cameras must be parallel in order to maximize the number of pixels in the face image, which should be a minimum 240 by 180.

Many of the manufacturers IPVM are using 400x400 (e.g., Sunell's Panda Cam) or smaller 320x288 sensors, which means they could only comply with this when reading a single face, not 10 or more in a row or the 40+ shown in marketing details.

The ISO/IEC standards make no mention of such AI or of anything else helping overcome these obstructions. This sets up an issue where manufacturers may argue these 2017 standards are out of date.

Some manufacturers have also touted "compensation algorithms" they claim automatically adjust for the (well-known) difference between face skin temperature and actual body temperature. However, the ISO recommends that this "small difference" between inner eye temp and body temp be accounted for by adjusting the "threshold temperature", i.e. the specific temperature at which the system alarms.

IEC says A high temp reading cannot be automatically considered a fever, and must be confirmed with a clinical thermometer, it should conform to a separate standard, ISO 80601-2-56.

The ISO/TR 13154:2017 and IEC 80601-2-59:2017 standards specifically state that fever screening is deployed under indoor conditions:

[IEC] screening thermographs have been used at ports-of-entry, ports-of exit and the entrances to buildings under indoor environmental conditions with the intention of separating febrile from afebrile individuals to help prevent the spread of communicable diseases

[ISO] this document provides general guidelines for the deployment, implementation and operation of a screening thermograph intended to be used for non-invasive febrile temperature screening of individuals under indoor environmental conditions to prevent the spread of infection.

IEC says the responsible organization needs to be aware of the type of lighting used at the screening area. Lighting such as incandescent, halogen, quartz tungsten halogen and other type of lamps that produce significant interference (heat) should be avoided. The area chosen for screening should have a non-reflective background and minimal reflected infrared radiation from the surroundings. IEC recommends A/C drafts be diffused to ensure they are not blowing onto people and cooling them. ISO adds that "sun-facing windows, radiant heaters, or sources of cold (cold windows or outside walls" can also "interfere" with accurate readings and must be avoided as well.

ISO states that Controlling ambient temperature is important, as overly hot/cold people will not give accurate results, particularly if they are sweating, “individuals being screened should not be too cold or too hot and especially not sweating”.

ISO states that the temperatures measured by a screening thermograph can be influenced when the individual being screened is sweating. Sweating thresholds can vary according to a person’s fitness level, environment of residence, length of adaptation and the relative humidity. When humidity is controlled, these effects are minimized. To produce consistent and reliable results of the temperature screening process, it is imperative that the screening thermograph be situated in a reserved stable indoor environment with a temperature range of 20 °C to 24 °C and relative humidity range from 10 % to 50 %.

ISO states one way to achieve such conditions would a be a special walk-through booth. In order to prevent "cross-contamination" (febrile individuals in the line infecting others), the ISO recommends that a "secondary screening area" be set up "removed from the general traffic flow" for people who are being confirmed for fever. The secondary screening area should be properly equipped with "masks, wipes, disinfectants”. The secondary screening area is a care area that should equipped with a clinical thermometer and accessories that comply with ISO 80601-2-56 and should be staffed by qualified medical personnel. The secondary screening area should be equipped with sanitation supplies, e.g. masks, wipes, disinfectants. To prevent cross-contamination, the secondary screening area should be positioned to allow patient removal from the facility or to quarantine with reasonable privacy and with minimum exposure to others (maintaining crosscontamination prevention).

ISO says bathrooms should not be near screening areas. Toilets should not be proximal to the screening thermograph area. This is to both inhibit potential cross-infection and to prevent facial washing (alteration of the thermal profile) immediately prior to entering the screening thermograph area.

ISO says the backdrop behind the individual being screened and, where utilized, side screens should be — thermally uniform, — non-reflective in the IR spectrum, and — not dark in colour in the visible spectrum (closer to white than black).

ISO recommends a single file line, and that people should "stop and pause". However, ISO does state that at high-volume situations, the system can operate in "near real time". To minimize disruption in high volume situations, the response time and throughput of the screening thermograph should be capable of operating in near real time for rapid and effective screening. This can necessitate that the screening thermograph be highly automated. But in low-volume scenarios, it's still best to ask people to stand still.

ISO recommends the responsible organization should retain this information(data) for at least one month (normal maximum incubation time for known infectious diseases). The responsible organization should be prepared to maintain the data for longer periods when deemed necessary by the public health authorities and other organizations ensuring protection of public safety.

Technically, the GDPR does not apply to thermal camera readings, as it only deals with the "processing of personal data" i.e. data that can identify a specific person - which thermal readings cannot.

Vaporized hydrogen peroxide injections

On the more aggressive end of the spectrum for room sterilization technologies is the injection of vaporized hydrogen peroxide directly into the space. Hydrogen peroxide is a potent sterilizing agent that has been used to decontaminate buildings infected with a range of biological contaminants from anthrax spores to exotic viruses. The process is performed by injecting vaporized hydrogen peroxide into a sealed vacant space and is usually used more as an intentional sterilization procedure rather than a routine part of normal building operation.

Disadvantages

• Requires pre-cleaning of all surfaces before disinfecting.

• Not practical for wide disinfection of occupied/finished spaces like office buildings or schools.

• Not for human use.

Advantage

• Highly effective at destroying microorganisms like mold, bacteria and germs.

As a society, our awareness of how quickly potential pathogens can spread has increased dramatically in just the span of a few months. We understand the importance of human health and furthermore, we understand that our economic livelihood as individuals, as a nation and even as a world depends greatly on our ability to move about freely without concern for the spread of infection.

Find more resources at

www.csemag.com

https://www.iso.org/standard/69346.html

https://www.iso.org/standard/69347.html

https://www.iso.org/standard/67348.html

https://ipvm.com/reports/fda-new

Thermal Imaging Systems in COVID-19

Thermal Imaging Systems in COVID-19

Measuring a person’s temperature can be done in several ways. NCITs may be used to reduce cross-contamination risk and minimize the risk of spreading disease. While typically 98.6°F (37.0°C) is considered a “normal” temperature, some studies have shown that "normal" body temperature can be within a wide range, from 97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C). A core issue is there are no independent tests of thermal camera performance /accuracy and no independent standards to measure against. This has allowed manufacturers to tout products meant for body/fire detection as a fever solution, or falsely claim pinpoint accuracy at long distances. We urge caution against buying low-cost thermal solutions from any manufacturer. 

Thermal imaging systems and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) use different forms of infrared technology to measure temperature.

Thermal Imaging Systems and COVID-19

·        When used correctly, thermal imaging systems generally have been shown to accurately measure someone’s surface skin temperature without being physically close to the person being evaluated. Thermal imaging systems offer certain benefits in that other methods need a closer proximity or contact to measure temperature (for example, non-contact infrared thermometers or oral thermometers).

·        Temperature-based screening, such as thermal imaging, is not effective at determining if someone definitively has COVID-19 because, among other things, a person with COVID-19 may not have a fever. A diagnostic test must be performed to determine if someone has COVID-19.

·        Thermal imaging systems have not been shown to be accurate when used to take the temperature of multiple people at the same time. The accuracy of these systems depends on careful set-up and operation, as well as proper preparation of the person being evaluated.

·        Thermal imaging systems have been used by several countries during epidemics, although information about their effectiveness as part of efforts to reduce the spread of disease has been mixed.

·        The FDA issued the Enforcement Policy for Telethermographic Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency guidance to help expand the availability of thermal imaging systems and mitigate thermometer shortages during the public health emergency. The guidance sets forth an enforcement policy that is intended to apply to all thermal imaging systems that are intended for medical purposes for the duration of the public health emergency related to COVID-19, and provides recommendations regarding performance and labeling of such systems.

Figure 1 demonstrates the proper thermal imaging setup for processing of individual people in a public area.

Benefits of Thermal Imaging Systems

·        The person who handles the thermal imaging system is not required to be physically close to the person being evaluated. In fact, the person who handles the thermal imaging system could be in a different area or room.

·        The thermal imaging system may measure surface skin temperature faster than the typical forehead or oral (mouth) thermometer that requires a close distance or physical contact with the person being evaluated.

·        Scientific studies show that, when used correctly, thermal imaging systems generally measure surface skin temperature accurately.

Limitations of Thermal Imaging Systems

·        Although these systems may be in use for initial temperature assessment to triage individuals in high throughput areas (for example, airports, businesses and sporting events), the systems have not been shown to be effective when used to take the temperature of multiple people at the same time. They should not be used for "mass fever screening."

·        These systems measure surface skin temperature, which is usually lower than a temperature measured orally. Thermal imaging systems must be adjusted properly to correct for this difference in measurements.

·        These systems work effectively only when all the following are true:

Ø  The systems are used in the right environment or location.

Ø  The systems are set up and operated correctly.

Ø  The person being assessed is prepared according to instructions.

Ø  The person handling the thermal imaging system is properly trained.

Proper Use of Thermal Imaging Systems

The person who handles the system should follow all manufacturer instructions to make sure the system is set up properly and located where it can measure surface skin temperature accurately.

The person who handles the system should be trained to properly prepare both the location where the system will be used, and the person being evaluated, to increase accuracy. For details, see the standards and scientific papers listed under References below.

Preparing the Area where You will Use a Thermal Imaging System

• Room temperature should be 68-76 °F (20-24 °C) and relative humidity 10-50 percent.
• Try to control other items that could impact the temperature measurement:
• Avoid reflective backgrounds (for example, glass, mirrors, metallic surfaces) to minimize reflected infrared radiation.
• Use in a room with no draft (movement of air), out of direct sunlight and away from radiant heat (for example, portable heaters, electrical sources).
• Avoid strong lighting (for example, incandescent, halogen and quartz tungsten halogen light bulbs).

Figure 2 demonstrates the proper thermal imaging room setup.

Preparing the Thermal Imaging System

Ø Some systems require the use of a calibrated blackbody (a tool for checking the calibration of an infrared temperature sensor) during evaluation to make sure measurements are accurate. Check the manufacturer’s instructions to determine if a calibrated blackbody is needed. Some devices do not require one.

Ø  Turn on the entire system 30 minutes before use to warm it up.

Preparing the Person Being Evaluated

The person handling the system should make sure the person being evaluated:

Ø  Does not have any face obstructions before measurement (such as a mask, glasses, hat, headband, or scarf), the person's hair is pulled away from the face, and the person’s face is clean and dry.

Ø  Does not have a higher or lower face temperature from wearing excessive clothing or head covers (for example, headbands, bandanas) or from using facial cleansing products (for example, cosmetic wipes).

Ø  Has waited at least 15 minutes in the measurement room or 30 minutes after exercising, strenuous physical activity, bathing, or using hot or cold compresses on the face.

Figure 3 demonstrates the proper thermal imaging setup for processing of individual people using a calibrated blackbody background.

Using the Thermal Imaging System

·        Measure only one person’s surface skin temperature at a time.

·        Position the person at a fixed distance (follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use) from the thermal imaging system, directly facing the camera.

·        The image area should include the person’s whole face and the calibrated blackbody, if using one.

·        If an increased temperature is seen using the thermal imaging system, you should use a different method to confirm a fever. Public health officials can help you determine if the fever is a sign of infection.

Thermal camera selecting guide

Unlike regular cameras, not many customers are aware of certain key factors that they need to consider when selecting a thermal camera. This is mainly because thermal cameras are still a relatively new concept for many security customers.

1.  Accuracy

In border surveillance, some thermal camera can accurately detect the people or object more than 150 meters away. Thermal imaging cameras are often not just to detect higher or lower temperatures but also the calculate the differences. This means that the readings should be as accurate as possible. Most top-end cameras provide a +/- 2% accuracy. The distance at which the camera can maintain this accuracy is also critical. 

2.  Temperature range

Thermal cameras have a range within which they can detect temperature. You should purchase a camera that would meet your temperature needs. For example, the cameras used at airports now are for human temperature monitoring. Hence their range just needs to include the highest and lowest points that a human body can sustain. However, in the industrial segment, the temperature may be higher. 

3.  Resolution 

Thermal cameras tend to have lower resolution compared to their regular counterparts, and hence this should be an essential consideration before purchase. The size of the area you need to capture and the nature of the target will decide the resolution you need. If you need to capture small objects in detail, high-resolution cameras will be necessary. 

4.  Cybersecurity  

Developments in IP has enabled thermal cameras to connect with other network devices and be part of the IT infrastructure.  You will need to find companies that provide NDAA compliant products. 

Prefer Thermal Camera brand

Avigilon H4 Thermal Elevated Temperature Detection camera is embedded with edge-based analytics to detect faces and notify operators of elevated skin temperature.

3S Vision T9078- Dome Camera, T9079- Dome Camera, T6078- Bullet Camera, T6079- Bullet Camera, T6041- Bullet Camera, T6051- Bullet Camera, T6061- Bullet Camera.

FLIR FLIR Axxx-EST series, T5xx-EST series, Exx-EST series & TG 165(Hand Held type).

AMETEK VIRALERT 3 human body temperature screening system for buildings and facilities

MOBOTIX MOBOTIX TR (Thermal Radiometry) technology makes it possible to measure thermal radiation - even from people.

AXIS Axis Q19, Q29, Q86, Q87 & Modular Camera

Honeywell HRCF-FD384H- Temperature Detecter 7.8mm, HRCF-FD640H - Temperature Detecter 15mm, HRCF-KIT-FD384H - Temperature Detection kit 7.8mm -tripod, HRCF-KIT-FD640H - Temperature Detection kit 15mm – tripod, HRCF-KIT2-FD640H- Temperature Detection kit 15mm - tripod (no laptop), HRCF-KIT2-FD384H- Temperature Detection kit 7.8mm -tripod (no laptop).

Lilin P3T6522E2 & P3T6522E2-F – Dome Camera, 

Questions about Using Thermal Imaging Systems during COVID-19

Q: Are thermal imaging systems effective for screening people for fevers in places like nursing homes, airports, and hospital emergency rooms?

A: When using a thermal imaging system, it is important to assess whether the system will provide the intended results in high throughput areas. We understand that these devices are being used for initial temperature assessment and triage of individuals for elevated temperatures in medical and non-medical environments. They should not be used for measuring temperatures of many people at the same time in crowded areas, in other words “mass fever screening” is not recommended.

Based on where the system will be used, there may be more appropriate methods to initially assess and triage people, especially if there is a risk that infected people would not be identified right away. For example:

• In a nursing home, inaccurate temperature measurement or a missed contagious person without a fever could spread infection among nursing home residents. So, in this case, other assessment options and following infection control practices may be more effective.
• In airports, workplaces, grocery stores, concert venues, or other areas where you are trying to screen large groups of people for mass fever screening, diagnostic testing may be too difficult because of the time and costs needed to screen and get results. These systems will likely miss most individuals with COVID-19 who are contagious. Thermal imaging systems could be considered as one method for initial temperature assessment in these types of settings when used as part of a larger approach to risk management.
• In a hospital emergency room, a thermal imaging system may help to quickly assess temperature and triage patients to determine who needs more evaluation or isolation.

Q: Are thermal imaging systems effective as the sole means of diagnosing COVID-19?

A: No. A fever or higher body temperature is only one possible symptom of a COVID-19 infection. Thermal imaging systems generally detect a high body temperature accurately when used appropriately. They do not detect any other infection symptoms, and many people with COVID-19 can be contagious without a fever. Also, a high body temperature does not necessarily mean a person has a COVID-19 infection.

All fevers measured by thermal imaging systems should be confirmed by another method and followed by more diagnostic evaluations for other symptoms, as appropriate.

Q: How can thermal imaging systems help with the COVID-19 response?

A: To help address urgent public health concerns raised by shortages of temperature measurement products and expand the availability of telethermographic systems used for initial body temperature for triage use during this COVID-19 public health emergency, the FDA is applying regulatory flexibility for certain telethermographic systems as outlined in its enforcement policy.

When a high body temperature is identified by thermal imaging, an additional evaluation should follow (for example, doctor evaluations or interview, laboratory testing and patient observation).

Q: Are thermal imaging systems used for body temperature assessment considered medical devices?

A: As discussed in the enforcement policy, telethermographic systems are devices when they are intended for a medical purpose. To determine if these products are intended for a medical purpose, FDA will consider whether:

1. They are labeled or otherwise intended for use by a health care professional;
2. They are labeled or otherwise for use in a health care facility or environment; and
3. They are labeled for an intended use that meets the definition of a device, for example, body temperature measurement for diagnostic purposes, including in non-medical environments.

Q: How does a thermal imaging system differ from a thermometer?

A: Both thermal imaging systems and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) can measure surface temperatures without contact. An NCIT measures surface temperature in a single location, whereas a thermal imaging system can measure temperature differences across multiple locations, creating a relative temperature map of a region of the body. The enforcement policy in the guidance applies to use of thermal imaging systems to determine initial body temperature measurements.

There is a separate enforcement policy that applies to certain NCITs and other clinical electronic thermometers: Enforcement Policy for Clinical Electronic Thermometers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency.

Temperature gun uses not recommendate. 

References

Note, this information is applicable to thermal imaging systems that are intended for a medical purpose. This means that the system is intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease and, therefore, meets the definition of “device” set forth in Section 201(h) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

For more information on FDA’s policies for these devices, and recommendations on their design, labeling, and use during the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency, please review the following:

Enforcement Policy for Telethermographic Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency: Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff

Additional information on these devices can be found at:

IEC 80601-2-59: Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-59: Particular requirements for basic safety and essential performance of screening thermoghraphs for human febrile temperature screening. 2017, International Electrotechnical Commission & International Organization for Standardization.

ISO/TR 13154: Medical electrical equipment — Deployment, implementation and operational guidelines for identifying febrile humans using a screening thermograph. 2017, International Organization for Standardization.

NDAA & Video Surveillance

NDAA & Video Surveillance

Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint (P2MP), or mesh wired or wireless links but transmit a signal to a specific place only. Not for open to all. 

An early mechanical CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist Léon Theremin. Originally requested by the Soviet of Labour and Défense, the system consisted of a manually-operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines.

One of the first recorded application for closed circuit television system (CCTV) was back in 1942.  It was used to view the launch of V2 rockets in Germany.   In the US, commercial surveillance applications began around 1947.

The goal of this history is to help professionals newer to the industry understand the important business and technology shifts that impact the market today, including:

1950 - Colour cameras became available.

1957 – 1969: a number of companies such as General Precision Labs (GPL division), provided CCTV camera systems

1970 – 1999: Videocassette recorders (VCR) era.

2000 – 2005: DVR Era

2001 - 9/11 Impact

2006 - Infancy IP and VMS (Axis introduced the first IP cameras in 1996)

2008 – 2012: MP Cameras Go H.264, Main player are PELCO, Hanwha (Samsung), Axis, Infinova, Flir, Indigo Vision, AVTECH etc.

2009 – 2013: Cloud Hype / Bursts

2010 – 2018: Struggles for Video Analytics, WDR and Low Light Improvements

2012 – 2014: Rise and Fall of Edge Storage

2015 Smart CODECs Rise

2018 H.265 Mainstream

Storage No Longer Major Problem

Slowing of Camera Resolution Increases

HD Analog Rises 2014, Niche Now

Rise Cybersecurity 2015 - Current

2013 – 2017: Rise of The Chinese

2015 – 2017: Race to The Bottom

2018 - Now US vs China.

2019 - Rise AI and Cloud Startups

2020 - Coronavirus Impact - Elevated skin temperatures camera & globally reject China factory made product.

Source: IPVM

Day by Day increase hacking of video surveillance camera. Now cyberattacks on CCTV systems making news headlines on a weekly basis of late, there is a good deal of concern and uncertainty about how at risk these systems are, as well as why they are being attacked.

In 2014, a US ally observed a malicious actor attacking the US State Department computer systems. In response the NSA traced the attacker’s source and infiltrated their computer systems gaining access to their CCTV cameras from where they were able to observe the hackers’ comings and goings.

In October 2016, 600,000 internet connected cameras, DVR’s, routers and other IoT devices were compromised and used to for a massive Bot Net to launch what was the largest Denial of Service (DOS) attack the internet had experienced to date.

In the lead up to the 2017 US Presidential inauguration, 65% of the recording servers for the city of Washington CCTV system were infected with ransomware. How did the attack take place? Whilst unknown, it most likely occurred by the same means as other common PC hacks such as infected USB keys, malicious web sites, or phishing attacks.

May, 2018, over 60 Canon cameras in Japan were hacked with “I’m Hacked. bye2” appearing in the camera display text. How did the attack take place? Simple. IP cameras were connected to the internet and were left on default credentials. It appears that the hackers logged into the cameras and changed the on-screen display. What was the impact? Other the defacement of the camera displays and some reputational damage, there doesn’t seem to have been much impact from these attacks.

On Aug 13, 2018, The US President has signed the 2019 NDAA into law, banning the use of Dahua and HikVision (and their OEMs) for the US government, for US government-funded contracts and possibly for 'critical infrastructure' and 'national Security’ usage.

US government is effectively blacklisting Dahua and HikVision products, this will have a severe branding and consequentially purchasing impact. Many buyers will be concerned about:

What security risks those products pose for them

What problems might occur if they want to integrate with public / government systems

What future legislation at the state or local level might ban usage of such systems

On Jun 06, 2019 Hanwha Techwin is dropping Huawei Hisilicon from all of their products. Its belongs to China’s origin. Backdoor entry is open on product.

China's Wuhan Institute of Virology, the lab at the core of coronavirus. The institute is home to the China Centre for Virus Culture Collection, the largest virus bank in Asia which preserves more than 1,500 strains ( https://www.livemint.com/news/world/china-s-wuhan-institute-of-virology-the-lab-at-the-core-of-a-virus-controversy-11587266870143.html ). Result Corona has infected people in 185 countries. Its spread has left businesses around the world counting the costs. Global economy impact. Recession increase. Now people avoid to get china factory made product, electronics goods importing has stopped from china to other country. People looking for product except china. Now come to Video surveillance, access control equipment.

The ban that prohibits the purchase and installation of video surveillance equipment from Hikvision, Dahua and Hytera Communications in federal installations – passed on year 2018 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). In conjunction with the ban’s implementation, the government has also published a Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) that outlines interim rules for how it will be applied moving forward. Like NFPA, now NDAA law accept globally.

Rules outlined in this FAR include:

·        A “solicitation provision” that requires government contractors to declare whether a bid includes covered equipment under the act;

·        Defines covered equipment to include commercial items, including commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) items, which the rule says, “may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities;”

·        Requires government procurement officers to modify indefinite delivery contracts to include the FAR clause for future orders;

·        Extends the ban to contracts at or below both the Micro-Purchase Threshold ($10,000) and Simplified Acquisition Threshold ($250,000), which typically gives agencies the ability to make purchases without federal acquisition rules applying.

·        Prohibits the purchase and installation of equipment from Chinese telecom giants Huawei and ZTE Corporation. This would also presumably extend to Huawei subsidiary Hisilicon, whose chips are found in many network cameras;

·        And, gives executive agency heads the ability grant a one-time waiver on a case-by-case basis for up to a two-year period.

Specifically, NDAA Section 889 creates a general prohibition on telecommunications or video surveillance equipment or services produced or provided by the following companies (and associated subsidiaries or affiliates):

·        Huawei Technologies Company; or

·        ZTE Corporation

It also prohibits equipment or services used specifically for national security purposes, such as public safety or security of government facilities, provided by the following companies (and associated subsidiaries or affiliates):

·        Hytera Communications Corporation;

·        Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Company; or

·        Dahua Technology Company

While the prohibitions are initially limited to the five named companies, Section 889 authorizes the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence or the Director of the FBI, to extend these restrictions to additional companies based on their relationships to the Chinese Government. The prohibitions will take effect for executive-branch agencies on August 13, 2019, one year after the date of the enactment of the 2019 NDAA, and will extend to beneficiaries of any grants, loans, or subsidies from such agencies after an additional year.

The provisions of Section 889 are quite broad, and key concepts are left undefined, such as how the Secretary of Defense is to determine what constitutes an entity that is “owned or controlled by, or otherwise connected to” a covered foreign country, or how the head of an agency should determine whether a component is “substantial,” “essential,” or “critical” to the system of which it is part. The statute also fails to address the application of the prohibitions to equipment produced by U.S. manufacturers that incorporate elements supplied by the covered entities as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or other kinds of supplier relationships.

Section 889 contains two exceptions under which its prohibitions do not apply:

(1) It allows Executive agencies to procure services that connect to the facilities of a third party, “such as backhaul, roaming, or interconnection arrangements.” This likely means telecommunications providers are permitted to maintain common network arrangements with the covered entities.

(2) It permits covered telecommunications equipment that is unable to “route or redirect user data traffic or permit visibility into any user data or packets” it might handle, meaning a contractor may still be able to provide services to the Government so long as any covered equipment provided is unable to interact or access the data it handles.

 

Update on 2018; IPVM Source

Hikvision is one of the world’s largest video surveillance companies producing both hardware and software tools. It is central to China’s ambitions to become the world’s leading supplier of surveillance systems. Hikvision sells cameras and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) allowing security agencies to monitor railway stations, roads, etc. It is a darling of the Communist Party of China (CPC), having been heralded as a ‘national AI Champion” in 2019.

As per a 2019 report, around 42 per cent of the company is controlled by state enterprises, with China Electronics Technology HIK Group owning nearly 40 per cent. Hikvision controlled 21 per cent of the world’s CCTV market in 2017.

Hikvision exists in India under the name Prama Hikvision Indian Private Limited. As per reports, Hikvision enjoys over 35 per cent market share in India. Its 2019 annual report said it has established a local factory in India — its first overseas production base. It is 58 per cent owned by the parent Chinese company. The Indian partner is Ashish P. Dhakan, who started the collaboration in 2005. It has declared serious investment plans for India.

In 2018, it won a tender from the Delhi government to install 1.5 lakh CCTV cameras in the national capital. It is also listed as a vendor by Bharat Electronics (BEL), which works on highly sensitive and classified defence projects for the government of India. More worryingly, Hikvision has allegedly also supplied solutions to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and the Special Protection Group (SPG), which is responsible for the security of the prime minister. Link https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/installation-of-1-4-lakh-chinese-cctv-cameras-by-delhi-govt-sparks-row-1696032-2020-07-02

Clearly, the security and privacy risks at play here are best left to one’s imagination.

This leaves India with a tricky situation. Admittedly such companies do create secondary economic benefits for India with the local assembly and selling units creating jobs at home. However, there is arguably a bigger price India pays in terms of handing its CCTV grid to a country that is in no mood to offer any concessions to us.

Update on 2018; IPVM Source

Update on 2018; IPVM Source

For starters, the Modi government needs to make a clear list or database of all its current installations. Second, it needs to review all installations that would be considered critical or with a national security implication, and then  seriously consider replacing them with a local alternative. If that is not feasible, the government needs to wrap such installations with third party (non-Chinese) encryption tools, which would disable any back doors that may exist. Third, India must prohibit Hikvision from participating in any ongoing or future government tenders. Fourth, the government needs to contemplate increasing local ownership and control of the Indian subsidiary. An innovative solution would be to purchase the 58 per cent stake in Hikvision — either the government could be an investor or it could be enabled by other Indian businesses or funds. Fifth, the Modi government needs to impose a legal obligation for regular audits to check for any security vulnerabilities with serious penalties for non-compliance or negligence.

Lastly, like the Chinese, India too needs to create local champions. In India, this is always the hardest part — less access to capital, poor procurement processes, etc. Most of the technology and subcomponents for Hikvision come from the United States. It is important to remind ourselves that with enough government support, India too can build local champions of technology. Link https://theprint.in/opinion/chinas-hikvision-controls-indias-surveillance-market-modi-needs-to-do-more-than-ban-apps/452014/

Often those on the government procurement side use price as an excuse to prefer Chinese over Indian vendors. But it’s a lazy argument. Yes, Chinese vendors and their products are often cheaper, but it is because they have worked on these things for decades. Cheap is also not always better and certainly not more secure.

As India considers the next steps, it is important to not penalise and demonise the Indian entrepreneur behind the local subsidiary. They are not to blame. It shouldn’t take a border stand-off and loss of lives for such issues to be tackled head-on.

Now question how we design a CCTV project respect to product selection. Many institutional purchaser want to stop such camouflaged OEM from their procurement activities. Yeah this is very hard to say this company are not tie-up with china-based company. As we are belonging to India, Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) is the vision of the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi of making India a self-reliant nation. The first mention of this came in the form of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' or 'Self-Reliant India Mission' during the announcement of the coronavirus pandemic related economic package on 12 May 2020. Known china CCTV OEM are thrown out. Yes, it’s true, India don’t have much infrastructure to generate Camera manufacturing plant, it will take time at list 5 year. Within this time, we can follow BIS website to get information about selected camera / NVR model are china factory make or not. Low cost and high cost both option camera you can found. If you found that model belongs to china factory immediately change with Closest or Alternative Substitute.

Another way to design selection your camera / storage via NDAA compliance. For example, few models of Pelco, Axis, LILIN, Honeywell get NDAA compliance. Some OEM giving good effort, based on Hikvision or Dahua camera which is current compatible camera. Example:

Dahua Model: IPC-HFW8630E-ZE is Closest to Pelco model: IBP521-1R & Alternative Substitute is IBP521-1R.

Dahua Model: SD10A248V-HNI is Closest to Pelco model: P2230-ESR & Alternative Substitute is S6230-EGL1.

Hikvision Model: DS-2CD4025FWD-AP is Closest to Pelco model: IXE22 or IXE32.

Hikvision Model: DS-2CD2125FWD-I 4MM is Closest to Pelco model: IMP221-1RS Or IWP221-1ES/IJP223-1RS.
Yes PELCO is 1st OEM who get NDAA & share compatible camera with respect HikVision & dahua model number.

NDAA Compliance Product List.

Brands	Dome Camera	Bullet Camera	180° / Panoramic Cameras	360° Cameras / PTZ	NVR	Video Server
VIVOTEK	CD8371-HNTV, CD8371-HNVF2, MD8531H, MD8563-DEH, IT9360-H, IT9380-H, IT9388-HT FD816CA-HF2, FD8166A, FD8166A-N, FD8177-HT, FD8366-V, FD8377-EHTV, FD8377-HTV, FD9165-HT-A	IB8377-EHT,  IB8377-HT, IB9360-H, IB9365-EHT-A, IB9365-HT-A, IB9368-HT, IB9380-H, IB9387-EHT-A, IB9387-HT-A, IB9388-HT, IP9164-HT, IP9164-LPC	CC8160, CC8370-HV, CC9381-HV	FE8182, FE9380-EHV	NR9581, NR9581-v2, NR9681, NR9681-v2, NR9682, NR9682-v2, NR9782 , NR9782-v2, NS9521	VS8100-v2
Honeywell	HC60W35R2, HC60W35R4, HC60W45R2, HC30W42R3, HC30W45R3,	HC60WB5R2, HC60WB5R5, HC30WB2R1, HC30WB5R1, HC30WB5R2	HC30WF5R1	HC60WZ2E30,	HN30080200, HN30160200, HNMXE08C02T, HNMXE16C02T, HNMSE16C02T, HNMSE32C02T, HNMSE48C04T, HNMPE32C16T4R5	HERN30T5, HERN40T5, HERN64T8, HERN72T12, HERN96T16, HERN128T16, HERN144T24, HERN192T24
PELCO	MP221-1RS, IWP221-1ES, IJP222-1RS, IMP221-1RS, IWP221-1ES, IMP321-1RS, IMP521-1RS, IBP221-1R, IMP521-1RS, IBP321-1R, IBP521-1R,	IBE222-1R, IBE322-1R, IBE229-1R, IBE329-1R, IME329-1ES, IMP321-1ES, IBP522-1R, IME229-1ES, IMP221-1ES, IBP521-1R, IBP221-1R, IBE329-1R, IBP221-1R	EVO-12NMD, EVO-05LID, EVO-05LMD, EVO-05LID, EVO-05LMD, EVO-180-WED-P, IMM12018-1EP, EVO-05NMD.	IMP521-1RS, IME329-1IS, IWP221-1ES, IME322-1ES, IME229-1ES, MP122-1ES, IMP221-1ES, S6230-FWL1, P1220-FWH1, S6230-EGL1, P1220-ESR1, S6230-EGL1, P2230-ESR,
AV Costar	AV5456PMIR-S, AV02CLD-100, AV05CLD-100, AV5456PMIR-S	AV5426PMIR-S, AV02CLB-100, AV05CLB-100, AV5426PMIR-S, AV02CMB-100, AV05CMB-100	AV12CPD-236, AV08CPD-118, AV20CPD-118	AV8476DN-NL, AV8476DN-28, AV20476DN-NL, AV20476RS, AV20476DN-28, AV8476DN-NL, AV8476RS,  AV20476DN-NL	AV-CN1600-20T, AV-CN800-8T, AV-CN1600-8T, AV-CN1600-6T, AV-CN1600-12T, AV-CSCX40TR, AV-CSHPX12TR,
IDIS	DC-D4236RX DC-D4236X DC-D4236HRX DC-D4236WRX DC-D4216RX DC-D4216X DC-D4216WRX	DC-T4236HRX DC-T4236WRX DC-E4216WRX			IR-100 IR-300A IR-1100
AcTi	Z94, Z95, Z83	Z33, Z34, Z41
LILIN	P3R6322E2, P3R6522E2, Z3R6522X, Z3R6422X3, P5R6322E2, P5R6552E2, Z5R6452X, P5R6522E2	Z2R8122X-P, Z2R8022EX25, Z2R8822AX, Z2R8152X-P, Z5R8952X3, Z5R8922X3, P2R8852E2, P2R8822E4, P3R8822E2	F2R3682IM, F2R36C2IM	PSR5520EX25, PSR5024EX30, IPS4184E, PSD4624EX20, IPS5180E, IPS4204EA, IPS5208A, IPS5308A, IPS5200EA, IPS5300EA	NVR3416R, NVR100L, NVR1400, NVR3416, NVR5416E, NVR5832S, NVR5104E, NVR5208E	NVR404C, VS212, VD022
3s Vision	N9071M-BE, N9079-BE, N9049-BE, N9099-BE, N9019-B, N3031-C, N9072-A	N6091-BE, N6041-BE, N6071-BE, N601A-EL, N6012-C		N5012H-BE, N5049-BE,	R40244-B, R10124-B, R10064-B, F20321, H40321, IB1281	S8072-B, SG072-B, S4072-B

For SOHO industry or small medium company, do start with making video data policy, its very important, due to using Chinese owned product every country data is now with hacker. Basically, china product is low price due to no standard quality. Other country like Taiwan or Korea product not low price, due to they maintain minimum quality of product. Now time to change, due to corona virus people change lifestyle. Indian govt need to general prohibition on telecommunications or video surveillance equipment or services produced. 

Below I share some Indian factory-made product model based on Brand. BIS not necessarily certify the quality and source of components. Very important for customers to understand.

Brand Name	BIS approved Model Number	Factory Located
INFINOVA	VS220-A60B-A022,VS220-A60B-A062,VT240-A222-A3,VS221-A20B-B022,VS210-P2	Pune, Maharashtra, India
	VT-231-A230-C061, VT231-A230-A061, VT231-A230-A061, VH121-A20E-A022-32G,
	VT221-A20B-B022, VT221-A20B-U062, VT220-A20B-S022, VH221-A40B-A022,
	VS220-A20BB062,VS220-A20B-C022,VS220-A20B-C062, VT230-A230-D061,
	VT231-B230-D061,VS211-A20B-D0,VS211-A20E-C0,VS211-A20E-D0,VS211-A60B-A0
	VH221-B402-A012, VH221-B403-A012, VH221-B406-A012, VH221-B408-A012
	VH221-B412-A012,VH211-B402, VH211-B403-A0, VH211-B406-A0, VH211-B408-A0,
	V3073-08J02; V3073-16J02; V3073-24J02; V3073-64J16; V3073-128J16
Honeywell	HEICC-2301T; HEIPTZ-2201W-IR; HABC-2305PIV; HADC-2005PI	Gurgaon Haryana, India
WBOX TECHNOLOGIES	0E-CVHD5R2FPNA28; 0E-CVHD5R2FPNA6; 0E-CVHB2R2FPNA6	Noida, Uttar pradesh, India
D-LINK	DCS-F3611-L1, DCS-F3711-L1, DCS-F3711-L1P	Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
TENTRONIX	TI-QX4-NVR-8432-JN; TI-QX4-NVR-8432-H8; TI-QX4-NVR-8404-JN	Ludhiana, punjab, India
OZONE WallCam	OWC-DV-03-CH016S1H8E; OWC-MD-01-CH04SD2G; OWC-DV01-CH08M5S1H8-5	Gurugram, Haryana, India
XPIA-I	XP-DV-5004 ECO; XP-NV-4016 PRO; XP-NV-4036 PRO; XP-NV-4032 PRO	Delhi, India
HAWK'S EYE	BIS-NVR-4CH; BIS-NVR-32CH; BIS-DVR-8CH	Mohali, Punjab, India
COVERT SECURE	CO-NV4242NH-K2; CO-NV4442NH-K4; CO-NV6142NH-K1; CO-NV6242NH-K2	Okhla, New delhi, India
ZEBRONICS	ZEB-16F1DA2H1-5MPL; ZEB-32F1DA12H8-8MPL; ZEB-4F1DA1H1-5MPL	South delhi, India
AVAZONIC	AVZ-RN32, AVZ-RN16, AVZ-RD32, AVZ-RD16, AVZ-RN08, AVZ-RN04,	Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
CVG	CV-N7-8104SH, CV-N9-8232SH, CV-N9-24EX-R, CV-N8-8224S, CV-N8-8116SH	Ghatlodia, Gujarat, India
HasHTVS	MDVR-404S, HSD-7032D, HSD-6308D, HSN-6464N	Gurgaon Haryana, India
SECUREYE	S-NVR-3, S-NVR-4, S-NVR-5, S-NVR-6, S-XVR-1, S-XVR-10, S-NVR-1	Delhi, India
E-VISION	EVNVR16, EV NVR 6000-25EX, EVNVR6001-36 EX, EVNVR6001-64 EX,	Faridabad, Haryana, India
Ambicam	VM-72XVR,VM-72XVR128,VM-72XVR16, VM-72XVR32, VM-72XVR8,VM-72XVRB	Ahmedabad, India
PLEXONICS	PL-7416ENVR, PL-7208ENVR, PL-7204ENVR, PL-6224D-NSR-R, PL-7436ENVR,	Chandigarh, India
SPARSH	SR-NV16F601-HP; SR-NV08F601-H; SRNL04F601-HP; SR-NV16F608-HE; NVR16	Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
	SR-NP3232F5H-H(D)(E)(P), SR-NP3232F5H-H(D)(E)(P)-32, SR-NV32F608-HE
HIFOCUS	HD-XVR-4161H1-H, HD-XVR-4401H1-H, HD-XVR-4801H1-H	Andhra pradesh, India
EYEFOCUS	EF-0204NR,EF-0208NR,EF-0216NR, EF-0404QD-U,EF-0408HDR,EF-0416HDR	Kolkata, west bengal, India
SECURICO	SEC-N04 FH7; SEC - N16 GH7, SEC-N08 FH7, SEC-M04 FH7,	Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
iSecure IT	ISEC5MPFIDO, ISEC5MPFIBU, ISEC5MPVADO, ISEC5MPVABU,	Thane, Maharashtra, India

Some OEM with Out of India factory-based BIS approved Model number

Brand Name	BIS approved Model Number	Factory Located
PELCO	IXP13, IXP23, IXP33, IXP53, IMP131-1ERS, IMP131-1IRS, IBP231-1ER, IBP232-1ER,	TAOYUAN CITY, TAIWAN
	IWP133-1ERS, IWP232-1ERS, IWP233-1ERS, S7822L-EBO, D7818L, P2820-ESR
	IME238-1ERS, IME332-1ERS, IBE338-1ER, IBE238-1ER, IXE33, IXE23, IXE53, IXE83	NEW TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
AXIS	AXIS Q6074-E 50Hz, AXIS Q6075-E 50Hz, AXIS Q8685-E 24V AC/DC,	Poland
	AXIS P3367-V, AXIS P3225-LV, AXIS P3717-PLE, AXIS P3245-LV, AXIS M3075-V	AGUASCALIENTES, MEXICO
	AXIS P3915-R, AXIS P3915-R, AXIS M1125, AXIS P3905-R	NAGASAKI, JAPAN
	Q8741-LE, Q8742-LE, Q6215-LE, Q8742-E, Q8742-E, Q2901-E,	LUND, Sweden
	P1435-LE, P1425-LE, P1448-LE, M3045-V, P1367-E, P1368-E, M2026-LE, P1367,	PATHUMTHANI, THAILAND
	AXIS Q6155-E 50Hz, AXIS V5914 50Hz, AXIS V5915 50Hz	JIRNY, Czech Republic
	P3374-V, P3375-LV, P3375-V, M1124, M1124, M1125, M1125, M3104-LVE, P1364	KWIDZYN, POLAND
BOSCH	DIP-5044EZ-1HD, DIP-5044EZ-4HD, DIP-5042EZ-2HD,  DIP-5042EZ-0HD	NEW TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
	DIP-6188-8HD, DIP-6184-8HD, DIP-6183-4HD, DIP-6180-00N, DIP-7183-8HD,	TAOYUAN CITY, TAIWAN
	NIN-73013-A10A, NHT-8001-F17VS, NHT-8001-F35VF, MIC-9502-Z30BVS	OVAR, PORTUGAL
AVIGILON	AIRPD1	NEW TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
	APTZC1, ASLBD1, APROD1, ADOMS1, ADOMC1, BDOMC1, BDOMP1, BBULD1	RICHMOND, BC, CANADA
VIVOTEK	ND9441P, ND9541P, ND9424P, ND9424P-v2, ND9541P, ND9441P, ND9312	NEW TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
	FD9367-HTV, FD9167-H, FD9167-HT, FD9171-HT, IB9371-HT, IB9381-HT, IP9181-H,
WISENET (HANWHA)	XNO-6120R, QNO-7020R, QNO-7030R, QNO-7010R, PNP-9200RH, LNO-6010R,	BAC NINH CITY, Vietnam
	XND-6080, PNF-9010RV, HCD-6070R, QNV-6070R, QNV-7080R, QNP-6230H
	HRD-1642P, HRD-842P, XRN-3010, HRX-1620, XRN-2010, XRN-2010A, XRN-2011,
GANZ	ZN1A-B4DZF56U, ZN1A-B4DZF69U, ZN-P2X30-DL, ZN-VD8F28-DL, ZN-VD8M310-DLP	South Korea
IDIS	DC-D4212R, DC-D4213RX, DC-D4213WRX, DC-D4223RX, DR-1308P, DR-1304P,	South Korea
LILIN	PSR5024EX30, MR832, MR302, MG1022, UHG1122, SR7428X, SG1122, ZR8022X10	TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
Illustra (TYCO)	IPS12FFOCWIY, IPS12FFOCWIYA, IPS12FFOCWIYA-IN, ISS04B1ONWIT	TAIPEI CITY, TAIWAN
	ADCi600F-D021a, IFS03B1BNWIT, ADCi600F-D111a, IPS02-D12-OI03, IPS02-D17-OI03.
	ADCi610-M111, ADCi600-M111, IQS02MFONWTY, IQS02CFICWSN, IQS020CFICW	South Korea

Indian companies trusted surveillance software	Location
COM-SUR (Hayagriva Software)	Mumbai, Maharastra, India
AllGoVision	Bengaluru, India
i2V (Intelligent Integrated Video)	Gurugram, Haryana, India
Silversparro	Gurugram, Haryana, India
Videonetics	Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Out of India trusted surveillance software	Location
Milestone Systems	Denmark
Mirasys Ltd	Helsinki, Finland
AxxonSoft	North America
Genetec Inc.	Quebec, Canada
IntelliVision	San Jose, CA, USA

Source:

https://ipvm.com/reports/ban-law

https://ipvm.com/reports/bloomberg-hisilicon

https://ipvm.com/reports/axis-companion-ndaa

https://ipvm.com/reports/blacklist-delay

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-08-13/pdf/2019-17201.pdf