Analog Security Camera Installation at Home

Analog Security Camera installation at Home

Home security camera (system) installation issues keep popping up, while you are choosing top surveillance equipment. Drilling holes, running wires and cables inside and outside an apartment may freak you out. Not to mention, the CCTV security camera (system) installation cost in US, Australia, Canada, India, etc. if you ask for professional home surveillance companies, installers, or other video camera installation services.

Hi Indian, no worries. Take a coffee break, and follow the expert instructions below on installing wired and wireless home security cameras inside and outside of your sweet home.

Most home surveillance packages come with the wires, DVR, and cameras included, and are a much easier way to start your system then buying everything separately.

To install a security camera system for your house, start by surveying the layout of your home and assessing how many cameras you’ll need. Once you purchase the system, install the cameras high up on the walls so that they have a broad frame in the shot. Most cameras mount to the walls with screws, and can be plugged into a regular outlet. Connect wired cameras to the monitoring system using BNC cables, or link wireless cameras to your computer.

4nos Camera based BOQ for your Home:

Sl No	item Short Description	Item Long Description	Qty	Unit
1	Dome Camera	720P IR Dome Camera	3	Nos
2	Bullet Camera	720P IR Bullet Camera	1	Nos
3	4CH DVR	4CH DVR, with Hard disk	1	Nos
4	3+1 Cable	3+1 Cable for connecting Camera	90	Mtr
5	Power Supply	12V 1A Power Supply	4	Nos
6	PVC Conduit	20mm PVC Conduit with Accessories	90	Mtr
7	20" LED Monitor	20" LED Monitor for DVR	1	Nos
8	Router	Router for Mobile View	1	Nos
9	CAT6	CAT6 Cable in complete	2	Mtr

1

Buy the right package to suit your needs. You can buy each piece individually, but it is generally cheaper and easier to buy bundled security systems. At a minimum your system should have 1-3 cameras, a DVR (digital video recorder), appropriate wiring (3+1 Cable / RG and BNC cables), and power cords. Unless you are choosing to monitor a large area, wireless cameras with wall mounting should cover your needs.

Basic Home Security: Get a package with 2-3 outdoor cameras (to monitor doors), and a DVR with at least 3 days of recording time.

HSN Code of CCTV related item

SL NO	Item Name	HSN Code	GST
1	Camera (Dome. Bullet, Speed Dome, Zoom Any Type)	85258090	18%
2	DVR (Digital Video Recorder)	85219090	18%
3	NVR (Network Video Recorder)	85219090	18%
4	M-DVR (Mobile DVR)	85219090	18%
5	HD Storage	84717020	18%
6	Embedded Video Storage	85235100	18%
7	Co Axial Cable (RG11, RG 59, RG6 etc)	85442010	18%
8	CCTV Cable (3+1, 4+1 etc)	85442090	28%
9	Optical Fibre Cables	85447010	18%
10	Optical Fibre Bundles & Cables	90011000	18%
11	Hard Disc Pack	85232980	18%
12	Digital Video Discs	85234080	18%
13	Multiplexer	85176270	18%
14	Solid-State Non-Volatile Storage Devices (Hard Disk)	85235100	18%
15	Accessories For Cctv (Lens, Video amplifier, Audio module, Housing, BNC, Stand, Connector etc)	85299090	18%
16	Any Software/ VMS Software / Access Software / Graphic Software etc	85238020	18%
17	PVC Insulated Armoured/Unarmoured Cable Low voltage	85447010	18%
18	2Core, 4Core, 6Core, 12Core PVC Cable upto 80V	85447010	18%
19	Video Monitor Colour < 17"	8528	18%
20	Video Monitor Colour > 17"	85287219	28%
21	Computer / Workstation	84713010	18%
22	Keyboard / Joy Stick	84716040	18%
23	Mouse	84716060	18%
24	LAN Cable (CAT 5, CAT 6 etc)	85441990	18%
25	Modem / Routers	85176230	18%
26	Access point for LAN/WAN	85171290	18%
27	Power Supply	85256099	18%
28	UPS Capacity Nt Excdng 100000 KVA	85042100	18%
29	Network Switches including connector/Socket	85365090	28%
30	Optical Fiber Connector	85367000	28%
31	Switches, Relays, Fuses, Surge Suppressors, Plugs, Sockets, Lamp-Holders, Junction Boxes, Circuit Breakers	85369010	28%

HSN Code of CCTV Camera Cable and import duty.

2

Make a diagram of your surveillance needs. It is both expensive and inefficient to monitor every square inch of your house, so you need to prioritize what areas you want to watch the most. Draw up a rough diagram of your house or print out the blueprints and note where you might want to place cameras. When you are done, check out each location to make sure it is not blocked by anything and provides the best view possible. You may want cameras for:

·        Front and back doors.

·        Off-Street Windows

·        Large common spaces (kitchen, living room etc.)

·        Driveways

·        Porches

·        Stairways 

3

Choose a high, broad angle for your camera. The best angle of any room is usually looking down from the corner where the ceiling meets the walls. Make sure you can clearly see all entries and exits and that the camera is near a power outlet.

If you are mounting a camera outside, place it above 10ft so that it cannot be easily knocked down. Mount your camera to the wall. Some cameras come with sticky pads to adhere your camera to the wall, but screwing your camera in is the safest way to mount your cameras long-term. While every camera is different, most of them can be mounted the same way:

• ·        Place the mount in its desired location.
• ·        Using a sharpie, make marks on the wall where each screw should go.
• ·        Drill a hole for each screw using an electric drill
• ·        Hammer in any molding pins.
• ·        Screw the mount into the wall.
• ·        Position the camera to your desired angle.

Attach your camera to a power source. Almost all cameras come with a power adapter that plugs into a normal wall socket. Plug the small, round end into the power input on the back of the camera and plug the other end into the outlet.

Use a power supply box to power multiple cameras through one outlet. Power boxes, available online and in hardware stores for Rs.200-Rs.400, allow you to power your cameras through a single wall outlet. They come with multiple ports and are great for powering close-together cameras or cameras that aren't near an outlet, like attic cameras. However, you will need to run lengthy amounts of wire to attach each camera to the same box.

·        Always attach the cameras before hooking the box to electricity.

·        Make sure you buy a power supply box big enough to power each one of your cameras. They should list how many outlets they support on the box.

If your power adapter is missing or broken, contact your manufacturer.

4

Now the most important part is Cable. In Security camera cable is basically manufactured in such a way that it should optimize video signal quality. CCTV camera cable is composed of two sub cables that will run simultaneously for transmitting both video and power signal, Video transmitting cable also called RJ59 Cable, one sub cable is the central solid copper conductor core shielded by dielectric material, then further shielded by copper or alloy braid that will transmit video signal and another is power cables that will transmit power and both two-part is insulated by PVC having diameter of 5.5 mm to 7.5 mm.

Now I would like to explain core means RJ59 cable, which is made up of dense copper having diameter of 0.22 to 0.28 mm. this core is very crucial and play a vital role for CCTV integrator. If use cable which have good quality solid copper which have more than 0.25mm diameter and have more than 30 shielded braid then definitely you can transmit video up to 150 meter but you should keep in mind that for 150 meter Video transmission you should also transmit power for 150 meter, for this you need good quality AWG power cable. In India this type of cable is very rare you have to make on order. General Cables comes in Indian market have 0.22mm diameter core that will transmit up to 90 meters only.  As far as security camera cable wire color code is considered generally yellow wire is used for video, Red color power wire is used for positive (+), Black color wire is used for Negative(+) and green is for ground. BNC Connector is connected to yellow wire and DC connector is connected to red and black color.

There is 3 type of security camera cable which as is as follows.

·        4+1  CCTV Cable – This Cable is the composition of two type sub cable that will run simultaneously one part is four power cables that will transmit Power and another part is the RJ59 cable that will transmit video.

·        3+1  CCTV Cable – This Cable is the composition of two type sub cable that will run simultaneously one part is three power cables that will transmit Power and another part is the RJ59 cable that will transmit video.

·        2+1  CCTV Cable – This Cable is the composition of two type sub cable that will run simultaneously one part is two power cables that will transmit Power and another part is the RJ59 cable that will transmit video.

Note:

Maximum length for coaxial cable for CCTV is 300 meters of CCTV Cable without any joint but it will transmit video only up to 100 meters.

Hide your wires. To have a truly professional looking system you can run your cables through the walls and towards your surveillance hub. Be sure you know the layout of your walls and the location of any pipes, cables, or studs as you begin running wires. Running cables requires you to drill a hole in the wall, then thread the cable through the walls to your DVR through open spaces in your house, usually the attic.

·        If you are not comfortable drilling into your walls and running cables through, call a professional carpenter or handyman to take care of the cabling.

·        You can also secure cables to the walls or baseboards using a staple gun.

·        Consider hiding cables under rugs, but tape them down so that no one accidentally trips.

 5

Attach a wired camera to your DVR. Surveillance equipment is connected using a BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connection.

BNC cables are simple to use -- they are identical on both sides and you simply plug them into the appropriate port, turning a small nut on the end to lock it in place. Plug one end into your camera's "Output" and the other into one of the DVR "Input" ports.

·        Note which input you plug into -- this is the input your DVR must be set to in order to view your camera's video.

·        If your cable does not have a BNC connection you can buy a simple BNC adapter online or at a hardware store. This will slip onto the end of your cable to make it BNC compatible.

Attach the monitor to the DVR. This connection frequently uses a BNC cable as well, but some DVR's can attach with HDMI cables or coaxial cables. Using your preferred connection, attach one end to the DVR's "Output" port and the other to the monitor's "Input."

·        You can hook up as many cameras as your DVR has inputs -- it will automatically record every camera you install.

·        Note which input you plug into-- this is the input you need to choose to see your cameras.

6

Create a central "surveillance hub." When you are wiring a lot of cameras at once, you'll need one simple place to bring all of the feeds together to your DVR. This should be a place that is easy to access, and where you can comfortably run wires from anywhere in the house. Attics, offices and your internet router all make good places to base your surveillance system.

You should only need one DVR for all of your cameras. Attach each video cable to a separate DVR port. Your DVR can handle multiple cameras at once, allowing you to record every room in the house with only one box. Your monitor will then display every camera, or you will have to cycle through them using the "input" button on your DVR.

Guidelines for outdoor security camera placement

• Install cameras 8-10 feet from the ground. This height is low enough to capture fine details but high enough to be out of easy reach of thieves and vandals.
• Don’t point cameras directly at the sun. Bright light causes glare and high contrast in your footage, which makes it hard to tell what’s going on. Consider the movement of the sun and angle your cameras for indirect light.
• Decide whether you want the camera to be visible or hidden. Visible security cameras are effective burglary deterrents, but they are also targets for theft and vandalism. Some homeowners choose to prominently install a fake decoy camera and back it up with a real one that’s slightly more concealed, while others add heavy-duty hardware or casing around the camera to make it more difficult to damage.  
• Protect the camera from the elements. Top outdoor security cameras have ample weather- and waterproofing, but they are not all created equal. Choose a camera that’s appropriately rated for your climate, and place it under eaves or in another semi-protected area if you can.

Guidelines for indoor security placement

• Corners are your friends. Hanging an indoor camera in the corner of a room usually gives you the largest possible vantage point.
• Windows can cause reflection issues. Pointing a camera out the window might degrade its image quality. Many security cameras have infrared (IR) light technology, which aids in motion detection and enables the cameras to function in low light. IR light can reflect off of windows and other glass objects and obscure your footage, especially in the dark. If your footage looks washed out or whited out, there is likely a reflection problem going on.
• If it’s necessary to point a camera out the window, positioning the lens as close as possible to the glass and/or backlighting the outdoor area (perhaps with motion detector lights) are two glare-minimizing measures to try. It can also be helpful if your camera has wide dynamic range (WDR) technology.
• Angle for indirect light. Again, direct light will wash out your footage. With indoor cameras, be mindful of lamps, light fixtures and bright windows. Avoid facing your camera directly toward any of these light sources.

Attention: Don’t be cheated by some cheap wired security camera systems with DVR, which use old analog cameras, and record fuzzy and useless videos. Some other wired CCTV DVR security camera systems may have more functions and cost you over Rs. 12500, almost the price of a quality NVR wired security camera system with improved performance on all rounds.

Anyway, the wired security camera with DVR is by no means a futurist choice, if it is not outdated.

Most trusted Security Camera brands in the Indian market 2018

Most trusted Security Camera brands in the Indian market 2018

Closed-circuit television or video surveillance cameras are often used to record or stream the videos live. It is then transmitted to a set of display monitors through a signal. CCTV camera system is one of the most secure forms of surveillance available in the market. It is widely used by restaurants, schools, offices, hotels, airports, public buildings, hospitals, and other important buildings or areas to monitor the activities and maintain peace and order. The use of CCTV cameras in these sectors are on a rise, and so is the demand.

The global CCTV camera market is poised to grow at 13% CAGR from 2017 to 2022 in order to become a market of worth more than $25 billion until the end of 2022. The global CCTV camera market is experiencing a huge amount of unstable growth because of mergers and acquisitions of top 10 CCTV camera brands in the world. Another evident pattern in the global CCTV camera market is the large number of CCTV camera manufacturers in USA, Asia, and Pacific region.

The international video surveillance marketplace is set to feel favorable progress driven by components such as rising global terrorism, Internet of Things (IoT) prospect and rising urban population. Further, the possibility of market expansion will be broadened by the improvement of smart cities worldwide and international economic growth. However, the growth of this budding market will be stalled by associated high cost, strict regulations and bad trading environment.

Here we sort a list of best CCTV brand in India according to their quality of products, service and price. In or order to get best CCTV brand in India.

Best CCTV brand in India is listed below who can provide you with the awesome products at the very reasonable price. In CCTV setup, maintenance is very important and when you purchased the setup from the best CCTV brand then you may able to get maintenance by the company.

1.     Prama HikVision

2.     CP Plus

3.     Gobbler (Tikmany Telesystem Pvt. Ltd,)

4.     TVT & Hi Focus

5.     Dahua

6.     Honeywell (Performance series )

7.     Zebronics & Sricam

8.     Watchnet

9.     Sony (BOSCH)

10.  Godrej

India is one of the biggest markets in the world, with growth in the technology and economic standard of the people are looking for security options and one of the best security option is CCTV Cameras. This makes the need for CCTV cameras has increased rapidly and many manufacturing companies have established their units in India for speedy manufacturing and supply. 

Smart Card Standards

Smart cards have the further advantage over magnetic stripe cards of being reloadable, and allowing advanced features like phone banking, automatic memory dialing and on-line services. Smart cards are used as identification device for GSM digital mobile phonesPrimarily, smart card standards govern physical properties, communication characteristics, and application identifiers of the embedded chip and data. Almost all standards refer to the ISO 7816-1,2 & 3 as a base reference.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The ISO facilitates the creation of voluntary standards through a process that is open to all parties. ISO 7816 is the international standard for integrated-circuit cards (commonly known as smart cards) that use electrical contacts on the card, as well as cards that communicate with readers and terminals without contacts, as with radio frequency (RF/Contactless) technology. Anyone interested in obtaining a technical understanding of smart cards needs to become familiar with what ISO 7816 and 14443 does NOT cover as well as what it does. Copies of these standards can be purchased through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Copies of ISO standards are for sale on the ISO website.

Application-specific properties are being debated with many large organizations and groups proposing their standards. Open system card interoperability should apply at several levels:

1). To the card itself,

2). The card's access terminals (readers),

3). The networks and

4). The card issuers' own systems. Open system card interoperability will only be achieved by conformance to international standards.

This site's sponsors are committed to compliance with ISO and ITSEC security standards as well as industry initiatives such as EMV, MULTOS, the Open Card Framework and PC/SC specifications.

This site's sponsors are committed to compliance with ISO and ITSEC security standards as well as industry initiatives such as EMV, the Global Platform and PC/SC specifications.

These organizations are active in smart card standardization: The following standards and the organizations that maintain them are the most prevalent in the smart card industry:

ISO/IEC is one of the worldwide standard-setting bodies for technology, including plastic cards. The primary standards for smart cards are ISO/IEC 7816, ISO/IEC 14443, ISO/IEC 15693 and ISO/IEC 7501.

ISO/IEC 7816

ISO/IEC 7816 is a multi-part international standard broken into fourteen parts. ISO/IEC 7816 Parts 1, 2 and 3 deal only with contact smart cards and define the various aspects of the card and its interfaces, including the card’s physical dimensions, the electrical interface and the communications protocols. ISO/IEC 7816 Parts 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 and 15 are relevant to all types of smart cards (contact as well as contactless). They define the card logical structure (files and data elements), various commands used by the application programming interface for basic use, application management, biometric verification, cryptographic services and application naming. ISO/IEC 7816 Part 10 is used by memory cards for applications such as pre-paid telephone cards or vending machines. ISO/IEC 7816 Part 7 defines a secure relational database approach for smart cards based on the SQL interfaces (SCQL).

ISO/IEC 14443

ISO/IEC 14443 is an international standard that defines the interfaces to a "close proximity" contactless smart card, including the radio frequency (RF) interface, the electrical interface, and the communications and anti-collision protocols. ISO/IEC 14443 compliant cards operate at 13.56 MHz and have an operational range of up to 10 centimeters (3.94 inches). ISO/IEC 14443 is the primary contactless smart card standard being used for transit, financial, and access control applications. It is also used in electronic passports and in the FIPS 201 PIV card.

ISO/IEC 15693

ISO/IEC 15693 describes standards for "vicinity" cards. Specifically, it establishes standards for the physical characteristics, radio frequency power and signal interface, and anti-collision and transmission protocol for vicinity cards that operate to a maximum of 1 meter (approximately 3.3 feet).

ISO/IEC 7501 describes standards for machine-readable travel documents and has made a clear recommendation on smart card topology.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

ICAO issues guidance on the standardization and specifications for Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTD) such as passports, visas, and travel documents. ICAO has published the specification for electronic passports using a contactless smart chip to securely store traveler data.

Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)

FIPS, developed by the Computer Security Division within the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). FIPS standards are designed to protect federal assets, including computer and telecommunications systems. The following FIPS standards apply to smart card technology and pertain to digital signature standards, advanced encryption standards, and security requirements for cryptographic modules.

FIPS 140 (1-3)

The security requirements contained in FIPS 140 (1-3) pertain to areas related to the secure design and implementation of a cryptographic module, specifically: cryptographic module specification; cryptographic module ports and interfaces; roles, services, and authentication; finite state model; physical security; operational environment; cryptographic key management; electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC); self-tests; design assurance; and mitigation of other attacks.

FIPS 201

This specification covers all aspects of multifunction cards used in identity management systems throughout the U.S. government.

Europay, MasterCard, and Visa (EMV)

Europay, MasterCard, and Visa formed EMV Company, LLC and created the "Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems". These specifications are related to ISO7816 and create a common technical basis for card and system implementation of a stored value system. Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems can be obtained from a Visa, MasterCard or Europay member bank.

PC/SC

A globally implemented standard for cards and readers, called the PC/SC specification. This standard only applies to CPU contact cards. Version 2.0 also dictates PIN pad to card communications. Apple, Oracle-Sun, Linux and Microsoft all support this standard.

Microsoft has built PC/SC into their smart card services as a framework that supports many security mechanisms for cards and systems. PC/SC is now a fairly common middleware interface for PC logon applications. The standard is a highly abstracted set of middleware components that allow for the most common reader card interactions.

Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

CEN and ETSI focus on telecommunications, as with the GSM SIM for cellular telephones. GSM 11.11 and ETSI300045. CEN can be contacted at Rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, attention to the Central Secretariat.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

HIPAA adopts national standards for implementing a secure electronic health transaction system in the U.S. Example transactions affected by this include claims, enrollment, eligibility, payment and coordination of benefits. Smart cards are governed by the requirements of HIPAA pertaining to data security and patient privacy.

IC Communications Standards

The IC Communications Standards existed for non-volatile memories before the chips were adopted for smart card use. This specifically applies to the I2C and SPI EEPROM interfaces.

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

The GSM standard is dominant in the cell phone industry and uses smart cards called Subscriber Identification Modules (SIMs) that are configured with information essential to authenticating a GSM-compliant mobile phone, thus allowing a phone to receive service whenever the phone is within coverage of a suitable network. This standard is managed by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute. The two most common standards for cards are 11.11 and 11.14.

OpenCardT Framework

The OpenCardT framework is an obsolete standard. The following data is for informative purposes only.

The OpenCard framework was a set of guidelines announced by IBM, Netscape, NCI, and Sun Microsystems for integrating smart cards with network computers. The guidelines were based on open standards and provided an architecture and a set of application program interfaces (APIs) that enable application developers and service providers to build and deploy smart card solutions on any OpenCard-compliant network computer. Through the use of a smart card, an OpenCard-compliant system should have enabled access to personalized data and services from any network computer and dynamically download from the Internet all device drivers that are necessary to communicate with the smart card. By providing a high-level interface which can support multiple smart card types, the OpenCard Framework was intended to enable vendor-independent card interoperability. The system incorporated Public Key Cryptography Standard (PKCS) - 11 and was supposed to be expandable to include other public key mechanisms.

GlobalPlatform (GP)

GlobalPlatform is an international, non-profit association. Its mission is to establish, maintain and drive adoption of standards to enable an open and interoperable infrastructure for smart cards, devices and systems that simplifies and accelerates development, deployment and management of applications across industries. The GP standard has been adopted by virtually all the banks worldwide for JavaCard®-based loading of cryptographic data. The standard establishes mechanisms and policies that enable secure channel communications with a credential.

Common Criteria (CC)

Common Criteria is an internationally approved security evaluation framework providing a clear and reliable evaluation of the security capabilities of IT products, including secure ICs, smart card operating systems, and application software. CC provides an independent assessment of a product's ability to meet security standards. Security-conscious customers, such as national governments, are increasingly requiring CC certification in making purchasing decisions. Since the requirements for certification are clearly established, vendors can target very specific security needs while providing broad product offerings.

Smart Card Links

ACT Canada – Advanced Card Technology Association of Canada.
EuroSmart – European Smart Card Association. Great resource.
JavaCard Forum – Promotes Java for multiple-application smart cards. 
MULTOS – First open, Multiple-application OS for highest security. 
MUSCLE – Smart cards in a Linux environment. PCSC lite.
HID Global– OMNIKEY Smart card reader and chipset manufacturer, maker of HID Prox and iCLASS cards 
PACSprobe – Software to read PACS data (card number, facility code ..)
PCSC Workgroup – Standard for integrating smart cards and smart card readers.
Smart Card Alliance – Promotes smart card technology.

Biometric Standards

Many new secure ID system implementations are using both biometrics and smart cards to improve the security and privacy of an ID system.

ANSI-INCITS 358-2002

ANSI-INCITS 358-2002, BioAPI Specification - (ISO/IEC 19784-1). BioAPI is intended to provide a high-level generic biometric authentication model-one suited for any form of biometric technology. It covers the basic functions of enrollment, verification, and identification, and includes a database interface to allow a biometric service provider (BSP) to manage the technology device and identification population for optimum performance. It also provides primitives that allow the application to separately manage the capture of samples on a client workstation, and the enrollment, verification, and identification functions on a server. The BioAPI framework has been ported to Win32, Linux, UNIX, and WinCE. Note that BioAPI is not optimum for a microcontroller environment such as might be embedded within a door access control reader unit or within a smart card processor. BioAPI is more suitable when there is a general-purpose computer available.

ANSI-INCITS 398

ANSI-INCITS 398, Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework (CBEFF) - (ISO/IEC 19785-1). The Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework (CBEFF) describes a set of data elements necessary to support biometric technologies and exchange data in a common way. These data can be placed in a single file used to exchange biometric information between different system components or between systems. The result promotes interoperability of biometric-based application programs and systems developed by different vendors by allowing biometric data interchange. This specification is a revised (and augmented) version of the original CBEFF, the Common Biometric Exchange File Format, originally published as NISTIR 6529.

ANSI-INCITS

ANSI-INCITS Biometric Data Format Interchange Standards. ANSI-INCITS has created a series of standards specifying the interchange format for the exchange of biometric data. These standards specify a data record interchange format for storing, recording, and transmitting the information from a biometric sample within a CBEFF data structure. The ANSI-INCITS published data interchange standards are shown below. There are ISO equivalents to each standard listed here.

ANSI-INCITS 377-2004

Finger Pattern Based Interchange Format

ANSI-INCITS 378-2004

Finger Minutiae Format for Data Interchange

ANSI-INCITS 379-2004

Iris Interchange Format

ANSI-INCITS 381-2004

Finger Image Based Interchange Format

ANSI-INCITS 385-2004

Face Recognition Format for Data Interchange

ANSI-INCITS 395-2005

Signature/Sign Image Based Interchange Format

ANSI-INCITS 396-2004

Hand Geometry Interchange Format

ISO/IEC 19794

ISO/IEC 19794 series on biometric data interchange formats. Part 1 is the framework, Part 2 defines the finger minutiae data, Part 3 defines the finger pattern spectral data, Part 4 defines the finger image data, Part 5 defines the face image data, Part 6 defines the iris image data, and still in development, Part 7 will define the signature/sign time series data, Part 8 will define the finger pattern skeletal data and Part 8 will define the vascular image data.

Digital or Optical zoom for Security Cameras

Digital or Optical zoom for Security Cameras

When shopping for security dome cameras with zoom capabilities, the question I ask myself is which is more important; digital or optical zoom?  When speaking of surveillance cameras you want to get “close” to a subject from a fixed camera position. The zoom control on your digital camera will let you get “close” enough to capture that bigger image. It will also let you zoom out to include a wide angle of view. 

What is optical zoom?

Optical zoom is a true zoom lens, which is physically extend to magnify your subject. A motor controls the lens movement. 

What is digital zoom?

Digital zoom is simply some in-camera image processing, basically decreasing the apparent angle of view of a digital photographic or video image. To make the cropped area bigger, digital zoom makes up, or interpolates, pixels to add to the image, which may give less than satisfactory results.

Zoom meaning the ability to make something distant appear closer. Basically it’s a ratio of the longest and shortest focal length.
A 17mm (Wide) to 50mm (Tele) lens would be roughly 3x zoom. (50/17 = 2.94)
However a 70mm (Wide) - 200mm (Tele) lens would also be a roughly 3x zoom. (200/70 = 2.86) 

Summary:
1. Optical zoom uses lenses to zoom in on the image before the sensor captures it.
2. Digital zoom uses the processor to magnify the image after the sensor captures it.
3. Optical zoom preserves the crispness and detail of the image while digital zoom tends to interpolate a lot of the data.
4. Cameras with optical zoom are generally more expensive and bigger than cameras that only have digital zoom.
5. Constant adjusting of the zoom level in a camera with optical zoom might drain the battery a little bit faster.