A CCTV cable is basically an RG59 coaxial cable that is used to transmit a video signal between your security camera and the DVR (Digital Video Recorder). The RG59 is attached to both the security camera and DVR via a male BNC connector. The female BNC connection on the back of the DVR and security camera allows for these components to attach. The BNC connection creates a locking mechanism that creates a long lasting solid connection.
This is not meant to be a textbook on transmission but is intended to remove some of the mystery associated with various methods of transmission. Many approximations and simplifications have been used in writing this guide. This is to make the subject more understandable to those people not familiar with the theories. For general application in the design of CCTV systems it should be more than adequate and at least point the way to the main questions that must be addressed. The manufacturers of transmission equipment will usually be only too keen to help in final design.
This connection diagram illustrates the many methods of getting a picture from a camera to a monitor. The choice will often be dictated by circumstances on the location of cameras and controls. Often there will be more than one option for types of transmission. In these cases there will possibly be trade offs between quality and security of signal against cost. This diagram could now include transmission by IP networks.
General Principles
Video Signal
The essential components of the video signal are covered in Chapters two and three. Certain aspects that are related to the effective transmission of those signals are repeated in this chapter where it is necessary to save continuous cross-reference.
Synchronizing
The video signal from a TV camera has to provide a variety of information at the monitor for a correct TV picture to be displayed. This information can be divided into: Synchronizing pulses that tell the monitor when to start a line and a field; video information that tells the monitor how bright a particular point in the picture should be; chrominance that tells the monitor what colours a particular part of the picture should be (colour cameras only).
Bandwidth
The composite video output from the average CCTV camera covers a bandwidth ranging from 25Hz to 5MHz. The upper frequency is primarily determined by the resolution of the camera and whether it is monochrome or colour. For every 100 lines of resolution, a bandwidth of 1MHz approximately is required. Therefore, a camera with 600 lines resolution gives out a video signal with a bandwidth of approximately 6MHz. This principle applies to both colour and monochrome cameras. However, colour cameras also have to produce a colour signal (chrominance), as well as a monochrome output (luminance). The chrominance signal is modulated on a 4.43MHz carrier wave in the PAL system therefore a colour signal, regardless of definition, has a bandwidth of at least 5MHz.
Requirements to Produce A Good Quality Picture
From the above it will be obvious that to produce a good quality picture on a monitor, the video signal must be applied to the monitor with little or no distortion of any of its elements, i.e. the time relationship of the various signals and amplitude of these signals. However in CCTV systems, the camera has to be connected to a monitor by a cable or another means, such as Fibre Optic or microwave link. This interconnection requires special equipment to interface the video signal to the transmission medium. In cable transmission, special amplifiers may be required to compensate for the cable losses that are frequency dependent.
Cable Transmission
All cables, no matter what their length or quality, cause attenuation when used for the transmission of video signals, the main problem being related to the wide bandwidth requirements of a video signal. All cables produce a loss of signal that is dependent primarily on the frequency, the higher the frequency, the higher the loss. This means that as a video signal travels along a cable it loses its high frequency components faster than its low frequency components. The result of this is a loss of the fine detail (definition) in the picture.
The human eye is very tolerant of errors of this type; a significant loss of detail is not usually objectionable unless the loss is very large. This is fortunate, as the losses of the high frequency components are very high on the types of cables usually used in CCTV systems. For instance, using the common coaxial cables URM70 or RG59, 50% of the signal at 5MHz is lost in 200 meters of cable. To compensate for these losses, special amplifiers may be used. These provide the ability to amplify selectively the high frequency components of the video signal to overcome the cable losses.
Cable Types
There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are: Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair). The construction of each is shown in diagrams 15.2 and 15.3. An unbalanced signal is one in which the signal level is a voltage referenced to ground. For instance, a video signal from the camera is between 0.3 and 1.0 volts above zero (ground level). The shield is the ground level.
A balanced signal is a video signal that has been converted for transmission along a medium other than coaxial cable. Here the signal voltage is the difference between the voltages in each conductor.
External interference is picked up by all types of cable. Rejection of this interference is effected in different ways. Coaxial cable relies on the centre conductor being well screened by the outer copper braid. There are many types of coaxial cable and care should be taken to select one with a 95% braid. In the case of a twisted pair cable, interference is picked up by both conductors in the same direction equally. The video signal is traveling in opposite directions in the two conductors. The interference can then be balanced out by using the correct type of amplifier. This only responds to the signal difference in the two conductors and is known as a differential amplifier.
Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables
This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75 Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats, including single wire armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used when transmitting the signal over long distances.
Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is the quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from interference for the center core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost impossible to remove.
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| Unbalanced Cable |
Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables
In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two twists per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100 to 150 Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of coaxial cable.
The main advantages are:
1. The ability to reject unwanted interference.
2. Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length.
3. Smaller size.
4. Availability of multipair cables.
5. Lower cost.
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| Balanced Cable |
The advantages must be considered in relation to the cost of the equipment required for this type of transmission. A launch amplifier to convert the video signal is needed at the camera end and an equalizing amplifier to reconstruct the signal at the control end.
Impedance
It is extremely important that the impedance of the signal source, cable, and load are all equal. Any mismatch in these will produce unpleasant and unacceptable effects in the displayed picture. These effects can include the production of ghost images and ringing on sharp edges, also the loss or increase in a discrete section of the frequency band within the video signal.
The impedance of a cable is primarily determined by its physical construction, the thickness of the conductors and the spacing between them being the most important factors. The materials used as insulators within the cable also affect this characteristic. Although the signal currents are very low, the sizes of the conductors within the cable are very important. The higher frequency components of the video signal travel only in the surface layer of the conductors.
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| Transmission Impedance |
For maximum power transfer, the load, cable and source impedance must be equal. If there is any mismatch, some of the signal will not be absorbed by the load. Instead, it will be reflected back along the cable to produce ghost image.
Tips and hints while installing co-axial cable.
1. Use solid core co-axial cable only, not stranded cable. The solid core must have a copper core with copper shield
2. Avoid high voltage cable. A good rule to follow is: for every 100 volts there should be a separation of 1ft between the video cable and power cable.
3. While cabling, avoid areas like electrical equipment or transmitter rooms etc., where EMI interference is expected. This can create all types of interference to the video picture. Co-axial cable is very easily prone to EMI.
4. Minimize cable breaks - Every extra connection in the cable can deteriorate the quality of the video signal. If unavoidable, make sure the insulation is good; otherwise over time the exposed cable can touch the ground causing ground loop currents. It may be difficult or expensive to fix such problems in the future.
5. Avoid sharp bends, which affects the cable impedance causing picture reflection and distortion. This is especially true while getting all the cable into the CCTV monitor rack.
6. Poor BNC connections is the major cause of poor picture quality. Also BNC connectors should be replaced every couple of years and should be part of the system maintenance program.
7. Use metal conduits for high security applications.
8. Use heavy-duty cable for outdoor applications providing better protection against the elements.
Tips and hints while installing co-axial cable.
1. Use solid core co-axial cable only, not stranded cable. The solid core must have a copper core with copper shield
2. Avoid high voltage cable. A good rule to follow is: for every 100 volts there should be a separation of 1ft between the video cable and power cable.
3. While cabling, avoid areas like electrical equipment or transmitter rooms etc., where EMI interference is expected. This can create all types of interference to the video picture. Co-axial cable is very easily prone to EMI.
4. Minimize cable breaks - Every extra connection in the cable can deteriorate the quality of the video signal. If unavoidable, make sure the insulation is good; otherwise over time the exposed cable can touch the ground causing ground loop currents. It may be difficult or expensive to fix such problems in the future.
5. Avoid sharp bends, which affects the cable impedance causing picture reflection and distortion. This is especially true while getting all the cable into the CCTV monitor rack.
6. Poor BNC connections is the major cause of poor picture quality. Also BNC connectors should be replaced every couple of years and should be part of the system maintenance program.
7. Use metal conduits for high security applications.
8. Use heavy-duty cable for outdoor applications providing better protection against the elements.
Before choosing the CCTV cable for your application put some thought into the location of your power supply and your video recording device to determine if using a Siamese CCTV Cable type or individual cables (separate RG59 and 18/2) best suit your installation. If all your equipment is in one central location then using a Siamese CCTV Cable may provide you with the most professional and cleanest installation. We hope your surveillance system installation is a complete success! Good Luck!
7 comments:
All too often, business owners contemplating the
installation of CCTV on their premises, tend to
focus primarily on image resolution and digital
video recorder capacity.
However, cautions Zane Greeff, technical director at Elvey Security Technologies, it is also critical for them to consider choice of transmission between cameras and digital video recorders (DVRs) in their decisionmaking
process, since this can impact heavily on the
effi cacy of a system.
“Data transmission methods are often not given
much thought, yet it’s this technology that connects all the surveillance devices together,” he says.
“Prospective end users need to be aware that cabling accounts for a signifi cant portion of the overall cost of the system, in terms of both money and labour. They also need to consider that, depending on the application,
the choice of transmission will determine how far each device can be positioned without compromising image quality.”
For the uninitiated, the choice of transmission
technology can be a daunting one to make considering that there are fi ve major options available. These include Coax, UTP (unshielded twisted pair) analogue, IP (Internet Protocol), wireless and fi bre. “Each has advantages and disadvantages so it’s worth the buyer
examining them in some detail in order to be able to make the best choice for his needs.
A coaxial cable is also termed as coax cable or just coax. As the built of a coaxial cable has been already mentioned, it is the most popular cable as a transmission line in terms of high-frequency signals, like the ones for computer networking and cable television transmission. With this take, let us further look at some information on coaxial cable types.
Hard Line Coaxial Cable: A hard line cable is used for broadcasting and radio communications and has a copper plated aluminum conductor as a building material in its core. The outer shields are made of silver or gold materials.
RG-6 Coaxial Cable: The built of the outer and inner part of RG-6 is simply separated by a copper braided dielectric insulator. There are several kinds in RG-6 as well, like the plain RG-6 expended for internal/external wiring. And there is waterproof flooded coax used in underground wiring. RG-6, on regular basis, has many commercial as well as residential uses.
Radiating Coax Cable: Almost similar to hard line coax, the built of these electrical cable connectors has slots cut into shields, that are specifically pitched for RF wavelength and radio frequency band.
Triaxial Cable: Triaxial cable has a construction wherein the single copper inside the core has three protecting shields, (two copper and one dielectric insulator) on its outside. These cables reduce signal leakage, transmission and external noise interference to a substantial level.
Twin-axial Cable: There is a pair of solid conducting wires at the core of these cables which are actually plastic-coated in nature. The outside is confined by two copper braids separated by some insulating material. The pair of coaxial cables at the core of the cable basically, carry two varying electric voltages.
Semi-rigid Coaxial Cable: This type is not flexible in nature, and has a solid conducting sheath confining the internal conductor. These connectors are expended in applications where microwave signals are garnered using scientific methods.
As mentioned before, coax (coaxial) cables are used for satellite connectivity and cable television transmission, they prove to be extremely effective for transmitting signals responsive to radio frequencies. The connectors are fitted at the terminal ends of the coax cables. Also, they are fitted in a screw-type style with needles at the center so that the contact is made with a female connector on any receiver appliance. The coax cable connectors are literally simple to attach to the cables, if you know how to install these cable connectors in the coax cables in the correct way. Here is a short procedure on the same.
How to Connect Coaxial Cable Connectors
Most of the coaxial connectors have a needle sticking out from its center to make contact with a female pin on a receiving device. So find the male and female coaxial connectors first. Next, check on the condition of the connectors whether they are damaged, needs a replacement, or they are corroded. Once you determine that, make a male connector from the piece of a cable and replace the old for new. To make this new piece of coaxial cable, you might have to strip out the covering on the outside to ½'' of wire. The stripping of the cable should be performed very carefully so that the outer wire mesh isn't damaged. Once the wire mesh is visible on the inside, expand it and strip off the final 3/8'' of the plastic coat placed at the end of the wire. This will give you an exposed center conductor. Now press the ends of the wire properly to ensure it passes through the screw-form of the connector. Also, check that there is no plastic left behind, on the center conductor and covering shield across the fitted dual-layered cable connector. The final action is to place the center conductor at the center of the female pin and screw the newly fitted connector firmly, for completing the entire procedure.
Coaxial connectors are thick sheath coax cables, transmitting signals down the center of the conductor to various appliances, also taking care of the noise cancellation factor. With this information, you now know how to connect the connectors to the cable and also know how to install them to desired devices.
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