Basic Things to Know About CCTV as a Technician

Some Basic Things to Know About CCTV as a Technician, If you are manager just share this with your team.

Cable Running

Many facilities use closed circuit television (CCTV) as part of an overall security system. Cameras mounted on buildings or ceilings transmit signals to a central monitoring room. CCTV takes two forms ---hard-wired or wireless. A technician just starting out in CCTV has to gain a knowledge base of how CCTV works, so he will be able to install, test and troubleshoot systems. Do not run 3+1/4+1 CCTV Cable, use RG11, RG6, RG59 only. Find-out the length of Video Cable from DVR to Camera, it should be on limit. Do not overlapping with High voltage wire. Do not join the Video Cable, use complete length ( One drum Video Cable its 305Mtr) of wire. If cable layed in out door use Armour cable.

RG 59 which can transmit signals up to 200 metres. This distances are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

RG 11 which can transmit signals up to 270 metres. It is more expensive because it is thicker. This distance are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

RG 6 which can transmit signals up to 400 metres. It is more expensive because it is thicker. This distances are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

Twisted pair cable is a good alternative to coaxial cable if the length of the run is more than a few hundred metres. With pure cooper twisted pair, runs of up to 600 metres can be used without any in-line repeaters.

Troubleshooting Signal Loss

The picture on the monitor should never be fuzzy or have interference patterns. If it does, signal loss is occurring somewhere in the system. Technicians have specialized testing equipment and know how to use them in order to troubleshoot systems. Usually, a technician starts at the camera and works her way back to the receiver. She/he checks each connection until the test equipment indicates a loss. Some common problems are corrosion due to moisture inside the connectors or cables chewed through by animals.

Camera Installation

CCTV technicians can't be afraid of heights. Cameras are mounted high on the sides of buildings, or high in the ceiling areas of stores. You have to use a boom lift to reach spots to mount cameras. If you suffer from heights, becoming a CCTV Technician may not be a valid career path.

Cables are installed from the camera to the receiver station. You will have to drill through masonry block and below floor to run the cable. Be prepared to navigate through tight cramped quarters to get the cable from the camera to the receiver. Bring along a change of clothes, since you will get dirty in the process.

CCTV Camera Installation Tips:-

1. Test all equipment before installation. Therefore equipment can be replaced before arrival on-site if needed.
2. Ensure the mounting brackets of outdoor speed domes are properly sealed to prevent condensation in the camera housing.
3. Ensure sufficient space for camera, lens and connectors when choosing camera housing.
4. Avoid direct sunlight on equipment as it raises the temperature of the equipment.
5. Position cameras out of reach of vandals or 'curious' people.
6. Mount good quality mounting brackets in a stable location to avoid unstable or vibrating images caused by vibration or wind.
7. CS Mount cameras placed inside, at industrial or dusty/damp installations should be placed into outdoor camera housings.
8. Avoid installing cameras too high above the subject thus preventing 'top-of-head' video images
9. Ensure camera mounting poles are mechanically secure to avoid vibration on camera images
10. Before connecting power, ensure the supply is 12VDC regulated.

CCTV Cabling Tips:

1. Avoid running video cable parallel to AC power cables, especially those carrying high current.

2. RG59U Coax runs should not exceed 180m for colour and 280m for B/W

3.Avoid sharp bends when cabling

4. Avoid cable joins and using BNC barrels

5. Avoid over-tightening cable-ties

6. Ensure use of proper co-ax wire-stripping and crimping tools

7. Ensure BNC Connectors are properly crimped

8. Use Rubber BNC Boots after crimping to protect crimped area and bend radius

9. Mark or label camera and data signal cables

10. Outdoor cable runs should be housed in UV-proof conduit

11. In lightning prone areas, install surge protection devices

Final Testing and Teaching

A technician tests the system after it's installed. This involves knowing how to aim the cameras, knowing how to operate the monitoring equipment in the security room and knowing how to instruct the final operators of the system. You have to be part teacher. You may have to deal with people who have no knowledge of how a CCTV system is operated, so you have to use layperson-friendly language during the training process.

As you are a Engineer / Technician remember this few points:
Visually inspect all major components and connections for signs of deterioration or damage

Check all control equipment (DVRs, VCRs, monitors, multiplexers, video switchers, telemetry units etc) for correct operation

Check mains & power supplies and stand-by batteries including charging rates.

Check environmental conditions for adverse effects, including growth or shrubbery obscuring camera views

Check time and date settings in equipment and update the settings as appropriate

Check integrity of all cabling and sample check external insulation for damage

Clean cable fixings for security

Check auxiliary lighting equipment, infra-red units and photocells (if any) for correct operation

Check air vents are clear in all control equipment including PCs

Clean cameras, lenses and housing surfaces as necessary

Check al glands and seals on external equipment

Clean control equipment surfaces including PC (if applicable)

Establish regular back-ups are taken

Check camera is aligned to user specification, pictures for correct field of view and adjust as necessary

Check brackets, towers and fixings for corrosion or damage. Check clamping bolts/brackets are tightened correctly

Check wash/wipe units and wiper blades (if any) for correct operation and fill washer reservoir where necessary

Check quality of recording during day time and night time modes

Check pan and tilt assembly (if any) including fixings, electrical connections and functions.

Check the satisfactory CCTV transmission of images to remote site (if applicable)

Check warning signs are in place

Check all camera presets

Check all alarm presets

Transmission of Camera Video Signals by Cable

A CCTV cable is basically an RG59 coaxial cable that is used to transmit a video signal between your security camera and the DVR (Digital Video Recorder). The RG59 is attached to both the security camera and DVR via a male BNC connector. The female BNC connection on the back of the DVR and security camera allows for these components to attach. The BNC connection creates a locking mechanism that creates a long lasting solid connection.

 

This is not meant to be a textbook on transmission but is intended to remove some of the mystery associated with various methods of transmission. Many approximations and simplifications have been used in writing this guide. This is to make the subject more understandable to those people not familiar with the theories. For general application in the design of CCTV systems it should be more than adequate and at least point the way to the main questions that must be addressed. The manufacturers of transmission equipment will usually be only too keen to help in final design.

 This connection diagram illustrates the many methods of getting a picture from a camera to a monitor. The choice will often be dictated by circumstances on the location of cameras and controls. Often there will be more than one option for types of transmission. In these cases there will possibly be trade offs between quality and security of signal against cost. This diagram could now include transmission by IP networks. 

General Principles

 

Video Signal

The essential components of the video signal are covered in Chapters two and three. Certain aspects that are related to the effective transmission of those signals are repeated in this chapter where it is necessary to save continuous cross-reference.

Synchronizing

The video signal from a TV camera has to provide a variety of information at the monitor for a correct TV picture to be displayed. This information can be divided into: Synchronizing pulses that tell the monitor when to start a line and a field; video information that tells the monitor how bright a particular point in the picture should be; chrominance that tells the monitor what colours a particular part of the picture should be (colour cameras only).

Bandwidth

The composite video output from the average CCTV camera covers a bandwidth ranging from 25Hz to 5MHz. The upper frequency is primarily determined by the resolution of the camera and whether it is monochrome or colour. For every 100 lines of resolution, a bandwidth of 1MHz approximately is required. Therefore, a camera with 600 lines resolution gives out a video signal with a bandwidth of approximately 6MHz. This principle applies to both colour and monochrome cameras. However, colour cameras also have to produce a colour signal (chrominance), as well as a monochrome output (luminance). The chrominance signal is modulated on a 4.43MHz carrier wave in the PAL system therefore a colour signal, regardless of definition, has a bandwidth of at least 5MHz.

Requirements to Produce A Good Quality Picture

From the above it will be obvious that to produce a good quality picture on a monitor, the video signal must be applied to the monitor with little or no distortion of any of its elements, i.e. the time relationship of the various signals and amplitude of these signals. However in CCTV systems, the camera has to be connected to a monitor by a cable or another means, such as Fibre Optic or microwave link. This interconnection requires special equipment to interface the video signal to the transmission medium. In cable transmission, special amplifiers may be required to compensate for the cable losses that are frequency dependent.

Cable Transmission

All cables, no matter what their length or quality, cause attenuation when used for the transmission of video signals, the main problem being related to the wide bandwidth requirements of a video signal. All cables produce a loss of signal that is dependent primarily on the frequency, the higher the frequency, the higher the loss. This means that as a video signal travels along a cable it loses its high frequency components faster than its low frequency components. The result of this is a loss of the fine detail (definition) in the picture.

The human eye is very tolerant of errors of this type; a significant loss of detail is not usually objectionable unless the loss is very large. This is fortunate, as the losses of the high frequency components are very high on the types of cables usually used in CCTV systems. For instance, using the common coaxial cables URM70 or RG59, 50% of the signal at 5MHz is lost in 200 meters of cable. To compensate for these losses, special amplifiers may be used. These provide the ability to amplify selectively the high frequency components of the video signal to overcome the cable losses.

Cable Types

There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are: Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair). The construction of each is shown in diagrams 15.2 and 15.3. An unbalanced signal is one in which the signal level is a voltage referenced to ground. For instance, a video signal from the camera is between 0.3 and 1.0 volts above zero (ground level). The shield is the ground level.

A balanced signal is a video signal that has been converted for transmission along a medium other than coaxial cable. Here the signal voltage is the difference between the voltages in each conductor.

External interference is picked up by all types of cable. Rejection of this interference is effected in different ways. Coaxial cable relies on the centre conductor being well screened by the outer copper braid. There are many types of coaxial cable and care should be taken to select one with a 95% braid. In the case of a twisted pair cable, interference is picked up by both conductors in the same direction equally. The video signal is traveling in opposite directions in the two conductors. The interference can then be balanced out by using the correct type of amplifier. This only responds to the signal difference in the two conductors and is known as a differential amplifier.

Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables

This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75 Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats, including single wire armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used when transmitting the signal over long distances.

Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is the quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from interference for the center core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost impossible to remove. 

Unbalanced Cable

Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables

In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two twists per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100 to 150 Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of coaxial cable.

The main advantages are:

1. The ability to reject unwanted interference.

2. Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length.

3. Smaller size.

4. Availability of multipair cables.

5. Lower cost.

Balanced Cable

The advantages must be considered in relation to the cost of the equipment required for this type of transmission. A launch amplifier to convert the video signal is needed at the camera end and an equalizing amplifier to reconstruct the signal at the control end.

Impedance

It is extremely important that the impedance of the signal source, cable, and load are all equal. Any mismatch in these will produce unpleasant and unacceptable effects in the displayed picture. These effects can include the production of ghost images and ringing on sharp edges, also the loss or increase in a discrete section of the frequency band within the video signal.

The impedance of a cable is primarily determined by its physical construction, the thickness of the conductors and the spacing between them being the most important factors. The materials used as insulators within the cable also affect this characteristic. Although the signal currents are very low, the sizes of the conductors within the cable are very important. The higher frequency components of the video signal travel only in the surface layer of the conductors.

Transmission Impedance

For maximum power transfer, the load, cable and source impedance must be equal. If there is any mismatch, some of the signal will not be absorbed by the load. Instead, it will be reflected back along the cable to produce ghost image.

Tips and hints while installing co-axial cable.

1. Use solid core co-axial cable only, not stranded cable. The solid core must have a copper core with copper shield
2. Avoid high voltage cable. A good rule to follow is: for every 100 volts there should be a separation of 1ft between the video cable and power cable.
3. While cabling, avoid areas like electrical equipment or transmitter rooms etc., where EMI interference is expected. This can create all types of interference to the video picture. Co-axial cable is very easily prone to EMI.
4. Minimize cable breaks - Every extra connection in the cable can deteriorate the quality of the video signal. If unavoidable, make sure the insulation is good; otherwise over time the exposed cable can touch the ground causing ground loop currents. It may be difficult or expensive to fix such problems in the future.
5. Avoid sharp bends, which affects the cable impedance causing picture reflection and distortion. This is especially true while getting all the cable into the CCTV monitor rack.
6. Poor BNC connections is the major cause of poor picture quality. Also BNC connectors should be replaced every couple of years and should be part of the system maintenance program.
7. Use metal conduits for high security applications.
8. Use heavy-duty cable for outdoor applications providing better protection against the elements.

Before choosing the CCTV cable for your application put some thought into the location of your power supply and your video recording device to determine if using a Siamese CCTV Cable type or individual cables (separate RG59 and 18/2) best suit your installation. If all your equipment is in one central location then using a Siamese CCTV Cable may provide you with the most professional and cleanest installation. We hope your surveillance system installation is a complete success! Good Luck!