Integrate Systems against Power Problems

Integrate Systems against Power Problems

Security system installers must consider all the factors impacting success of a system to provide a more comprehensive value to clients.

Acompelling case can be made for how important security systems are in protecting facilities, assets, employees and customers, and few would disagree that investing in a comprehensive plan to secure a business is a wise decision.

Demand for home technology is growing, and homeowners might start with a trial DIY security experience. After challenging setup and maintenance, they’ll reach out to a security dealer, seeking service, support and expertise.

When problems with power, such as surges, spikes, blackouts, or brownouts occur, it is imperative that security systems go on unfazed. The prospect of protecting all of the systems involved can be daunting, but a granular approach can simplify the process greatly.

Power issues are growing, especially as homes with many large appliances and TVs, take on additional power draws like security cameras, sound systems, etc. These issues can be hard to detect, but could be noticed, for example in a TV room: When a mini fridge cycles on when an air conditioner is also running, you may notice that the lights flicker or dim. These fluctuations are damaging to equipment, as well as other issues such as electromagnetic and radio frequency interference, over/under voltage, ICE–inrush current, etc. that are also often present. Over time, they can damage equipment or lessen its lifespan.

There are seven critical areas that must be operational in the event of a power problem:

1.  Cameras & Recording Devices — Back up camera power supplies and recording hardware devices like: NVR or DVR with at least one hour of battery backup time from a uninterruptible power supply or UPS.

2.  Access Control — These systems typically have a low power requirement, meaning they can be inexpensively backed up with a small UPS that provides a significant amount of runtime. Once at least one hour of battery backup time from a UPS.

3.  Fire Alarm Systems — Power requirements for fire alarm and signaling systems are specified in the National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA). The code requires a system to have either two sources of power (primary and secondary) or a single Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Where primary and secondary power supplies are used, the secondary supply can consist of batteries or batteries plus a standby generator. For a basic fire alarm system that uses primary power with batteries only as secondary power, the battery capacity must be sufficient "to operate the system under quiescent load (system operating in a non-alarm condition) for a minimum of 24 hours" and then still be able to operate "all alarm notification appliances" and all other connected loads for a period of five minutes. The code specifies that the net capacity be based on two different demand rates (quiescent and alarm) for two different durations (24 hours and 5 minutes). Your Fire Detection OEM can share battery calculation excels to ensure correct Voltage & AH.

4. Emergency Communications — Emergency communications systems (ECSs) used for mass notification or for in-building fire emergency voice/alarm communications service have the same 24-hour quiescent load requirement but require 15 minutes of full-load alarm capacity. This is because these systems are usually operated for longer periods during an emergency. They sometimes may be used for 30 - 60 minutes, but only under partial load as announcements are made to certain floors. They might then be called upon to operate under an increased or even full load for some period. The code requirement for 15 minutes of full load should be evaluated by the system designer in conjunction with a risk analysis to determine if a larger capacity should be provided.

5. Emergency Lighting — Functioning emergency lights with reliable backup power is required to comply with state building codes, fire codes, insurance standards, and OSHA standards. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and high occupancy residential buildings.

A UPS battery provides power to the emergency lighting inverter to support the lighting load. Passive Standby static inverter emergency lighting systems are ideal for use with fluorescent and incandescent lighting.

6.   Intrusion Detection — The first line of defense against unauthorized access, these systems often include a small onboard battery; this can be effectively backed up with a small UPS for added protection.

7.   Telephone Systems — Communications in an emergency are critical, and backup of the telephone system is key to a complete security plan. This includes UPSs for both the main system, and workstations.

8.   Building Automation System — BMS is a computer-based environment that manages a building’s HVAC, ventilation, lighting, Fire Pumps, AHU, VRV and Plumbing etc. critical devices feeding the BMS including DDC should be supported by an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) that ensures continued operation in case of a power outage till two hours. Ideally, those UPS units should be remotely managed to ensure the best performance possible, but differing communication standards between systems have created some challenges for building system managers.

A complete security plan for any organization, whether it’s a business, school, or government entity, must focus on each area of the system’s requirements for power protection. With each piece working in harmony, the next power problem will not turn into a disaster.

Coronavirus and Working from Home

Coronavirus and Working from Home

The COVID-19 outbreak has caused almost all firms to deploy the work from home practice for employees. While some may be used to this, others may feel lost in the exercise. While not all Indian are able or fortunate enough to work from home, many have transitioned to telecommuting and virtual work over the last week or two.

Individuals work from home for a number of reasons. Maybe you’re a stay at home parent, or maybe your office space is under renovation. Maybe you are sick with the flu or, as it pertains to recent headlines, trying to self-isolate as coronavirus cases pop up around the country. Whatever the reason for “telecommuting,” there are ways you can ensure you are being productive, healthy and happy while working from home.

Working from home sounds like a luxury, but it comes with a number of challenges. What if you have connectivity issues with coworkers? What if you need something from your office that you don’t have access to? What if you are bombarded with other in-home distractions like pets, family members and electronics? Here are some tips for telecommuting, working from home, self-isolating or even self-quarantining—no matter your reasoning.

1. Maintain Regular Hours

Set a schedule and stick to it. Working designated hours, and then stopping when those hours are up, will give your brain time to work and time to rest. While working remotely does mean that there is added flexibility with your personal life schedule, it’s best to stick to a schedule where you can be productive, get your work done and call it a day when work hours are up.

2. Create a Morning Routine

Humans are creatures of habit—and that’s partly because routine helps us mentally and physically prepare for things. Whether it’s having a cup of coffee every morning, doing some morning stretches or taking your dog on a walk, creating a morning routine can greatly help you get ready for the work-day at home.

3. Be alert; do not use the oven or stovetop if you are sleepy or under the influence of a substance.

4. Preparation of Food:

Stay in the kitchen if you are cooking food with any form of heat. When simmering, baking or roasting, check the food regularly, remain in the kitchen while cooking, and use a timer.

5. Keep all flammables, like paper, clothing, bedding, drapes or rugs, at least three feet from a space heater, stove, or fireplace.

6. Smoke alarms can be annoying

They beep, you have to replace batteries, and if you cook something smokey in the kitchen they sometimes go off. However, they are essential for fire safety, as they give an early warning that greatly reduces risk of injury or death. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reports that three out of five fire deaths happen in homes with no smoke alarms or working smoke alarms.

7. Schedule Breaks

Just like any working environment, giving yourself breaks is incredibly important to let your brain and body relax. Take a 15-minute walk, go make some lunch or catch up with a loved one on the phone—whatever you do, though, do not work yourself to the bone without letting yourself take a break away from screens, meetings and work.

 8. Audit CCTV footage as an SOP

If you are responsible to take care security / safety part of your company, or you are owner of your company, then you must see what camera saw. Once auditing becomes a de-facto requirement, at least of some critical cameras, and audit reports are maintained and acted upon, it will result in huge amount of prevention and continuous improvement. Auditing will help in discovering several exceptions that would otherwise remain hidden within the footage.

9. Socialize with Colleagues

Of course, if you are sick or trying to stay healthy in the wake of something like the coronavirus, socializing in-person with others might night be best idea. But in general, if you are working from home, socializing is important.

In the event of sickness or COVID-19, it is still important your get out and take a break from your routine workspace. Yes: isolation, quarantine, and social distancing are all different things. However, you can often control your environment to keep your body and brain health—especially if you are self-quarantining and social distancing.

10. Fire Extinguisher

Lastly, know where your nearest fire extinguisher is. But remember, not all fire extinguishers are created equal. Remember “PASS” is process for using a fire extinguisher

·        Pull the pin

·        Aim low at the base of the fire

·        Squeeze the handle slowly

·        Sweep the nozzle side to side

Practice your fire escape plan! This includes practicing getting out with your eyes closed, crawling on the floor with your mouth covered, doing “stop, drop, and roll” and testing door handles to see if they are hot.

While employers’ responsibilities for the safety and health of their at-home workers is less than those in the office or onsite, some do still exist. OSHA distinguishes between home offices and other home workplaces.

OSHA’s compliance directive on home offices is pretty clear:

·        “OSHA will not conduct inspections of employees’ home offices.

·        “OSHA will not hold employers liable for employees’ home offices, and does not expect employers to inspect the home offices of their employees.

·        “If OSHA receives a complaint about a home office, the complainant will be advised of OSHA’s policy. If an employee makes a specific request, OSHA may informally let employers know of complaints about home office conditions, but will not follow-up with the employer or employee.”

What about recording injuries while working at home? If an employee is working at home, when could the injury be considered work-related? OSHA answers the question:

How do I decide if a case is work-related when the employee is working at home? Injuries and illnesses that occur while an employee is working at home, including work in a home office, will be considered work-related if the injury or illness occurs while the employee is performing work for pay or compensation in the home, and the injury or illness is directly related to the performance of work rather than to the general home environment or setting.

OSHA 300 Log and COVID-19

In the case of the coronavirus, OSHA has a few guidelines in place for your reference. Employers must record cases of the coronavirus only if the employer believes that the employee was exposed at work, and the case is diagnosed by a laboratory test or healthcare provider as having been caused by the coronavirus, and the case is otherwise recordable.

There is no presumption that an employee who has come down with a case of coronavirus was infected at work. Instead, for the illness to be considered work-related, there must be evidence that it was contracted at work. If there is no such evidence, the case is not recordable.

Cat 6A cabling Benefits cautions and use-cases

Cat 6A cabling Benefits, cautions and use-cases

Simply put, the ANSI/TIA-568-C.1 specification cable standard – otherwise known as CAT6A – is the solution to the distance shortcomings of CAT6 when working with 10GBASE-T Ethernet.

Video Surveillance Network and cabling professionals are likely to come across different Ethernet cabling standards over the course of their career. These range from legacy installs of CAT3 and CAT5e — to the modern ultra-high-performance data center CAT8 standard. Yet, for most access-layer installs, CAT6 and CAT6A are the two most common standards to choose from. This cabling will be responsible for connecting end devices such as PC’s, laptops, WiFi access points and a plethora of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

When considering Ethernet cabling install options for access-layer deployments, there are several things to look at. One of the more important decisions is whether endpoints will require the higher speed and PoE performance of CAT6A – while being willing accept a few inconveniences that come with the deployment. In this article, we’ll walk through the benefits and drawbacks of CAT6A compared to CAT6. Additionally, we’ll point out real-world circumstances that justify the added cost and installation hurdles that come with running and certifying the higher-performance cabling.

CAT6A Benefits

One key benefit of CAT6A over CAT6 is speed. A CAT6 cable can run 10/100/1000BASE-T Ethernet at speeds up to 1000 Mbps and a maximum length of 100 meters. The same is also true for 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T running at 2.5 and 5 Gbps, respectively. However, when moving up to the newer 10GBASE-T standard that operates at speeds of 10 Gbps, CAT6 cabling is only supported up to a maximum distance of 37 to 55 meters, depending on the levels of alien crosstalk in the installation environment.

Considering that most building access-layer networking closets are built around a 100-meter maximum distance, 37- and 55-meter runs would end up leaving many cables pulls short.

The ANSI/TIA-568-C.1 specification cable standard – otherwise known as CAT6A – is the solution to the distance shortcomings of CAT6 when working with 10GBASE-T Ethernet. In addition to the speed/distance benefits, CAT6A is defined for frequencies up to 500 MHz and improved noise canceling properties. Both translate into improved Ethernet performance with fewer chances of external interference.

A second benefit of CAT6A that is growing in importance is that it can handle higher levels of power over Ethernet (PoE) output without any performance degradation. Endpoints such as WiFi access points, surveillance cameras, intelligent lighting and monitoring/automation sensors are growing increasingly power hungry. The latest 802.3bt PoE specifications support 60W (Type 3) to 100W (Type 4) of output per cable run. That’s as much as three times the maximum Wattage specified in the 802.3at (PoE+) standard.

Example: Cat 6A PoE Test Results

Even though 802.3bt utilizes all 4 pair of wires as opposed to two, more power output translates into more heat on the wire. When cables get hot, they become susceptible to what’s known as insertion loss. Transmitting added power to end devices also causes an increased chance of DC resistance unbalance. Both problems are more likely to occur when running CAT6 cabling as opposed to CAT6A. CAT6A conductors are thicker – which can help dissipate the heat.

Additionally, DC resistance unbalance is less likely to occur in high-quality CAT6A cabling due to the likelihood that the cabling conductor diameter will not vary as much compared to lower cost CAT6 alternatives. Ultimately, the only way to verify that cabling runs adhere to 802.3bt standards is to perform cable certification tests using a tool such as the AEM TestPro CV100 combined with the AD-NET-CABLE adapter.

Security Mantraps on the way

Security Mantraps on the way

Security mantraps came into use during the 16^th century and were mechanical devices used for catching poachers and trespassers. Today, a security mantrap is commonly described as a small room, area or compartment that is designed to temporarily hold (trap) an individual between two doors (barriers) so that their credentials can be verified before granting access. Verification may be manual, with security personnel doing the verification, or automatic, with technology doing the verification. Most systems installed today are automatic with various integrated technologies to enhance security, safety and prevent unauthorized entry.

In the 17^th century, sally ports were built to control the entryway to a fortification or prison. They often included two sets of doors (or gates) to delay enemy penetration. Today, a sally port used for security applications may include doors, gates or other physical barriers to control access of people (or vehicles) to a secure area. Both security mantraps and sally ports are in widely used for security applications, however, despite some similarities, the terms are not used interchangeably, and only sally ports are referenced in the building codes.

A mantrap is an access control tool designed and restricted to a physical space, which is separated from the adjoining spaces (rooms) by two doors, usually an exit and an entry door that cannot be unlocked at the same time. Mantraps are like a double-door checking system that use either airlock technology or interlocking doors.

Today's simplified automatic mantrap rooms enable access with access cards, key fobs and mobile phones. Since mantraps prevent two persons (unless authorized) to be in the same room, they can be used for shared spaces in hospitals, dormitories and boarding rooms or anywhere else where people have some need for privacy.

Both the International Building Code (IBC) and the Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) describe a sally port as a compartmented area with two or more doors (or gates) where the intended purpose is to prevent continuous and unobstructed passage by allowing the release of only one door at a time. Both codes restrict their use to institutional type occupancies (e.g., prisons, jails, detention and correctional centers) and require provisions for continuous and unobstructed travel through the sally port during an emergency egress condition.

During 2017, the most digital damage from cyber-attacks includes continuous targeting of critical infrastructure, ransomware, government emails being hacked, exfiltration of Central Intelligence Agency documents, and the multinational WannaCry ransomware attack of over 200,000 systems. Gartners’ global information security spending forecast estimates that by the end of 2017, purchases for security products and services could reach $84.5 billion or a seven percent increase since 2016. Defenses have progressively improved and measures continue to be implemented. However, there is one area which lags far behind – that is the physical security of data centers and, specifically, the adoption and employment of mantraps.

According to BICSI, a mantrap is created using two interlocking doors which open only one at a time after the correct credentials have been validated. To physically secure a facility or data center, periodic risk assessment and policy reviews should be conducted. Ideally, drills should be included to engrain the training scenarios and validate policies and procedures. An example of layered security can be found in the TIA-942 where tiers I through IV are used to differentiate each level including Kevlar or bullet resistant walls, windows, doors, closed circuit television (CCTV) monitoring, access control and more.

Despite their widespread use, security mantraps are not referenced by either IBC or NFPA, which has given rise to a plethora of terms and definitions, including, for example: security portals, security vestibules, security airlocks, security booths, security cabins, control vestibules and personnel interlocks. For the supplier, designer or code official, this lack of regulation can result in different interpretations of building code and life safety requirements. Generally, the most appropriate sections of the code are applied and enforced, which may include sections on doors, gates, turnstiles, revolving doors and accessibility requirements. Because security mantraps are unique in their design and operation, the enforcement of code sections intended for other technologies may result in installed systems that are over- or under-designed with added costs and project delays, if accepted at all.

A security mantrap may be manual or automatic, manned or unmanned, pre-engineered or built from the ground up, located indoors or outdoors, and include a variety of technologies to enhance security, safety, aesthetics, throughput, service and overall performance. The systems come in various sizes, shapes, styles and configurations with a multitude of finishes, glazing and door options, including ballistic and vandal resistant. Other options and features include: metal/weapons detection, left object detection, tailgating/piggybacking detection, monoblock construction, wall mount versions, network interface capabilities, video cameras, intercoms, anti-pass back integration, biometrics, manual releases, and inputs/outputs for control and alarm monitoring. most common mantraps work with a system of two interlocked doors, there are solutions that can be implemented on three or more doors, including varied authentication systems. “Real” mantraps typically have two locked doors. Some interlocked mantraps, such as those used at bank entrances, are unlocked to begin with, and only lock when one of the doors is open.

Security mantraps are commonly found in high-security, mission-critical facilities (e.g., government, military, critical infrastructure), but can also be found in many commercial and industrial facilities (e.g., banking, data centers, pharmaceutical, health care, airports, casinos, executive suites, high-end retail, R&D labs). Some of the key drivers for using security mantraps include the ability to detect and prevent tailgating and piggybacking incidents in unmanned locations, satisfying various regulatory compliance standards (e.g., GDPR, GLBA, PCI DSS, HIPPA, FISMA, SOX) by restricting access to critical information systems, and protecting against other security threats that have become more prevalent in the world today (e.g., espionage, terrorism, theft, vandalism, protests, etc.).

When security mantraps are being considered as a countermeasure to mitigate unauthorized entry, it is important to establish clear goals and objectives for the equipment, application and environment. Then, carefully review and evaluate the proposed system based on form, fit and function. When these systems become part of the building infrastructure, provisions for security and safety must be met. This often starts with a security risk assessment for the facility or site.

Two Major Types of Mantraps:

• Air Lock Control – low-security systems used only for environmental control also referred to as normally unlocked.
• Restricted Entry and Exit – these are considered the highest security type that is used with normally locked doors. Opening any door keeps all other doors secure. The man trap buffers simultaneous requests for access which prevents any two doors from being unlocked.

Additionally, some man traps may incorporate the use of Request-to-exit (REX) device – typically located on the inside secured door, most are identified as a ‘quick release’ latch.

Mantrap Pros:

• Allows only one person to enter or exit at a given time
• Requires proper identification and authentication
• Restricts movement into and out of the data center
• Can be used to closed unwanted visitors until authorities are called
• Provides an audit trail for personnel and visitors

Mantrap Cons:

• Highly secure doors are more expensive
• May not permit movement of large boxes, dollies, deliveries, etc.
• May fail during electrical power outage unless backup exists
• If not properly implemented according to policy and design, may present a safety risk

The goal of any security risk assessment is to develop a protection strategy that mitigates risk to people, property and information systems, and, for security mantraps, the primary goal is to prevent unauthorized entry. The security risk assessment process begins with asset identification and valuation, followed by evaluation and analysis of associated threats, vulnerabilities and potential loss impact. Finally, security measures are recommended and form the basis of an integrated protection strategy.

HID Proximity Cards Programming

HID Proximity Cards Programming

Proximity cards, also known as Prox cards or access control cards, are contactless ID cards or keyfobs containing programming that is “read” by a card reader to control and secure physical access.

Inside each card or keyfob is an integrated circuit containing specific numerical programming and a coiled antenna, which increases the range at which the card can be read.  Prox cards have no internal power source, so there are never any batteries to replace.

Below checklist highlights your most important considerations when ordering and programming HID prox cards.

Programming

______ Will program – have HID Prox programming equipment on site
______ Need programming completed with order (See the three programming considerations below)

1.   Formatting

_____ Standard 26-bit format (Can be ordered directly online)

_____  HID Prox or HID iClass Format (H10301)
_____  Indala Flex Format (40134)
_____  Indala Casi-Rusco Format (C10106)

_____ Custom format (Contact HID or your authorized expert)

Note: The programming format for your HID prox card is determined by your card reader’s system requirements. If you are reordering, you can look at the end label of the last order’s shipping box for the code. The most common is a 26-bit format indicated by code H10301.

2.   Facility/Site Code

_____ Not required – Generic code is fine for our facility
_____ Required – We have a specific protocol for specifying facility codes
_____ Required – Customize new cards must have the same facility code.
Know more ? Click on http://arindamcctvaccesscontrol.blogspot.com/2016/08/facility-code-or-site-code.html

3.   Starting Card Number

_____ No external card numbering needed
_____ Sequential card numbering is needed:

_____  External only
_____  Matching internal/external
_____  Matching internal/non-matching external
_____  Random internal/non-matching sequential external

Note: It is important that you do not overlap card numbering ranges if you have only one facility code. If you have multiple facility codes, it is possible to use the same card number ranges in each facility, as each card reader uses a combined facility code and card number for access control.

Frequency

_____ Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID Prox / Indala Flex / Indala Casi-Rusco
_____ High Frequency (13.56 MHz) HID iClass

Front Packaging/Graphics

_____ HID Standard Artwork
_____ Plain White
_____ Custom Artwork* – Specify Custom Artwork Number

Back Packaging/Graphics

_____ HID Standard Logo
_____ Plain White
_____ Custom Artwork* – Specify Custom Artwork Number

Slot Punch

_____ No Slot Punch (Printed location of vertical and horizontal slot punch will remain)
_____ Vertical Slot Punch (Printed location of horizontal slot punch will remain)
_____ Horizontal Slot Punch (Printed location of vertical slot punch will remain)

*Custom Artwork

You can add custom artwork to your HID Prox Cards by contacting HID or your authorized ID card Expert.

Just remember any configuration is possible, and we are always standing by to walk you through the ordering process. 

Step 1 – Find the Right HID Prox Format and Part Number

HID manufacturers a number of credential formats. The type of HID credential you use will depend on your access control system. So your first step in finding the right credential is to check your HID System, which should specify the correct prox format.

HID assigns a Format code to each Prox Card that indicates how the internal programming of your cards will be read and is determined by your card reader system requirements. This code can be found on the end label of the box in which the cards are shipped to you. Look at your existing box if you are unsure about your format, because it is important to know which format is required by your system.

For example, the standard HID Prox format is 26-bit indicated by code H10301. Some formats are considered proprietary by HID and can only be ordered offline by contacting HID or your authorized ID card Expert.

Reordering Tip & Cheat Sheet

Reordering credentials? Check the box label from your original credentials or the actual credential itself. Then use the base part number to find your prox card or fob.

Step 2 – Specify Your Programming Information

After determining the correct base part number, choose your programming specifications. Each HID prox card not only includes the base part number, but also a series of letters to indicate a Credential’s appearance options (e.g., LGSMV).

When ordering, your HID prox card or keyfob will have a combination of the following information. Each prox card may have slightly different options, but the key categories remain the same.

Base Part Number
(1326, 1386, 2020, 2050, 1536, 1586, etc)

Programming/Frequency
L – Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID. Programming information is specified at time of order.
C – Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) Casi Rusco Format. (Not commonly ordered) Programming information is specified at time of order.
N – Non-Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz). Programming information NOT required – only for locations with HID Prox programming equipment on site (Not common)*

*Note: Only large organizations that have HID Programming capabilities should order non-programmed cards. Many customers confuse the process of synching your new credentials to your system with ‘programming’ them.

Front Packaging/Graphics
S – HID Standard Artwork – Vinyl with Matte Finish
M – Plain White Vinyl with Matte Finish
G – Plain White PVC with Gloss Finish
A – ProxCard II with Adhesive Front (Only HID 1326 Cards)
B – Black with HID Standard Artwork (Only HID 1391 Prox Patch)
K – Plain Black Finish, (No Artwork) (Only HID 1391 Prox Patch)
G – Plain Gray Finish, (No Artwork) (Only HID 1391 Prox Patch)
C – Custom Artwork – Specify Custom Artwork Number

Back Packaging/Graphics
S – HID Standard Logo
G – Plain White PVC with Gloss Finish
C – Custom Artwork – Specify Custom Artwork Number2

Card Numbering
M – Sequential Matching Internal/External (Printed)
N – No External Card Numbering
S – Sequential Internal/Sequential Non-Matching External (Printed)
R – Random Internal/Non-Matching Sequential External (Printed)
O – Sequential External Only (Printed)
A – Sequential Matching Internal/External (Engraved)
B – Sequential Internal/Sequential Non-Matching External (Engraved)
C – Random Internal/Non-Matching Sequential External (Engraved)

Slot Punch
N – No Slot Punch (Printed location of vertical and horizontal slot punch will remain)
V – Vertical Slot Punch (Printed location of horizontal slot punch will remain)
H – Horizontal Slot Punch (Printed location of vertical slot punch will remain)

Custom Artwork
You can add custom artwork to your HID Prox Cards by contacting one of HID member

Step 3: Choose Your Card Range and Facility Code

Facility Code – also sometimes called “Site Code”, this is part of the internal programming that is common to all cards on an order. Your organization may or may not have a specific protocol for specifying facility code, either by location (as I know e.g. Code 50 for a New York office and code 80 for Los Angeles) or other variable. Because most systems generally accommodate multiple facility codes – and read both the facility code and card number to validate a card – it is typically not a requirement that the facility code be the same as your existing cards for them to be read correctly.

Starting Card Range Number – this is the specific internal card number that is uniquely programmed into each card issued by HID.  The cards are programmed with sequential numbering based on the starting number you specify.  It is important that you do not overlap card ranges.  If two cards are identically programmed, your system will not be able to distinguish between them.  It is possible to use the same card range if you are using multiple facility codes (see above), because each card reader uses the combined facility code and card number for access control.

Step 4: Choose Between Pre-Selected or Custom Programming

·         Pre-Selected Programming – These credentials contain default programming numbers that are pre-determined by HID. They can be ordered in small quantities, usually ship within 1-2 business days, and offer the same security as custom-programmed credentials.

·         Custom Programming – Custom credentials contain personalized facility codes and/or sequential card numbers. Custom Facility Codes must be between 1-255, and Card Numbers between 1-65,500. Custom programmed credentials must be ordered in quantities of 100 or more and take up to 10 days to ship.

Example Final Part Number for HID Prox Card 1326LGSMV

For this sample order of an HID Prox Card 1326, the card appearance options (LGSMV) break down as follows:

L = Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID. Programming information is specified at time of order.
G = Plain White PVC with Gloss Finish on front
S = Base with Molded HID Logo
M = Sequential Matching Internal/External (Printed)
V = Vertical Slot Punch.

Other HID 1326 Prox Card Configurations

Examples of other HID 1326 card appearance configurations are:

Final Part Number: 1326LGSNV
L = Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID. Programming information is specified at time of order.
G = Plain White PVC with Gloss Finish on front
S = Base with Molded HID Logo
N = No External Card Numbering
V = Vertical Slot Punch

Final Part Number: 1326LSSMV
L = Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID. Programming information is specified at time of order.
S = ProxCard II Artwork – Vinyl with Matte Finish
S = Base with Molded HID Logo
M = Sequential Matching Internal/External (Printed)
V = Vertical Slot Punch

Final Part Number: 1326LSSNV
L = Programmed, Low Frequency (125 kHz) HID. Programming information is specified at time of order.
S = ProxCard II Artwork – Vinyl with Matte Finish
S = Base with Molded HID Logo
N = No External Card Numbering
V = Vertical Slot Punch

Know more ? click on http://arindamcctvaccesscontrol.blogspot.com/2019/10/coercivity-magnetic-stripe.html

Burglar or intrusion Alarm System Component Details

Burglar (or intrusion) Alarm System Component Details

Burglar (or intrusion), fire, and safety alarms are electronic alarms designed to alert the user to a specific danger. Sensors are connected to a control unit via low-voltage wiring or a narrowband RF signal which is used to interact with a response device. The most common security sensors are used to indicate the opening of a door or window or detect motion via passive infrared (PIR). New construction systems are predominately hardwired for economy. Some installations often use wireless systems for a faster, more economical installation. Some systems serve a single purpose of burglar or fire protection. Combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-zoned systems with color-coded computer monitor outputs. Many of these concepts also apply to portable alarms for protecting cars, trucks or other vehicles and their contents (i.e., "car alarms"). See also fire alarm control panel for specific fire system issues. Burglar alarms are sometimes referred to as alarm systems, see burglar alarm control panel for a discussion of hard-wired burglar alarm system design.

Burglar alarms (or perimeter detection systems, Perimeter protection, intrusion detection systems and many more terms for the same thing) are divided to two main fields: home burglar alarms and industrial burglar and perimeter intrusion detection.

Intruder Panel

These are reliable and easy to use and offers enhanced fire detection and external lighting control facilities, conforming to CE specification directives and BS4737 standards. 

The salient features are:

Zones - Each zone is separately identified on the keypad and provides ample security detection for most domestic properties. Typically 4zone. 8zone, 16 zone panel in market. Currently some hybride panel also there (eg: 4 Hardware Zone + 8 wireless Zone)

3 Part Set Programs - Allows three programmed setting levels dependent on the people in the property or the level of protection required. 

Simple Set Readers for Ease of Operation - Up to 4 stylish readers can be used to set/unset the system using a proximity keyfob. 

Personal Attack Facility - Any number of PA buttons may be set to activate the system in an emergency. 

Remote Keypads for added Flexibility - Up to four keypads can operate the system from any point in the property. 

Input for Remote Keyswitch or Push to Set Switch - A remote keyswitch or push can be used to set or unset the system. 

Fire Zone - Any number of zones can be programmed as a fire zone. Two types are available: Standard Fire - operated only whwn system has been set; 24 hour - operates all the time. 

Lighting Control Feature - Full manual and automatic control over security lightng. 

Duress Code - Allows the user to unset the system and silence the alarm under duress, using a second code that will communicate an alarm to an alarm receiving center. 

Chime - Can be used to select a low security chime alarm for various areas of the protected area, even when the main alarm is turned off. 

Built-in tamper control.

Indoor

These types of sensors are designed for indoor use. Outdoor use would not be advised due to false alarm vulnerability and weather durability.

Motion detector

A motion detector is a device that contains a physical mechanism or electronic sensor that quantifies motion that can be either integrated with or connected to other devices that alert the user of the presence of a moving object within the field of view. They’re a vital component of comprehensive security systems, for both homes and businesses.

An electronic motion detector contains a motion sensor that transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal. This can be achieved by measuring optical or acoustical changes in the field of view.

A motion detector connected to a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service after it detects motion. Such a detector may also trigger a red light camera.

An occupancy sensor is a motion detector that is integrated with a timing device. It senses when motion has stopped for a specified time period in order to trigger a light extinguishing signal. These devices prevent illumination of unoccupied spaces like public toilets.

There are basically three types of sensors used in motion detectors spectrum.

• Passive Infrared sensors (PIR)
• Looks for body heat. No energy is emitted from the sensor.
• Ultrasonic (Active)
• Sensor sends out pulses and measures the reflection off a moving object.
• Microwave (Active)
• Sensor sends out microwave pulses and measures the reflection off a moving object. Similar to a police radar gun.

Passive infrared detectors

The passive infrared detector (PIR) is one of the most common detectors found in household and small business environments because it offers affordable and reliable functionality. The term passive means the detector is able to function without the need to generate and radiate its own energy (unlike ultrasonic and microwave volumetric intrusion detectors that are “active” in operation). PIRs are able to distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by first learning the ambient temperature of the monitored space and then detecting a change in the temperature caused by the presence of an object. Using the principle of differentiation, which is a check of presence or nonpresence, PIRs verify if an intruder or object is actually there. Creating individual zones of detection where each zone comprises one or more layers can achieve differentiation. Between the zones there are areas of no sensitivity (dead zones) that are used by the sensor for comparison.

The salient features of the range of movement detectors are as follows:

Look Down Technology - Dual lookdown zones are employed to ensure that even the most determined intruder will be detected. 

NC/NO Selectable Outputs - Products are fitted with changeover relays to ensure compatibility with all requirements. 

White Light Filter Lens - To minimize any possibility of problematic alarms due to fluorescent / environmental conditions. 

Intelligent Pulse Counts - Reduces the possibility of false alarms caused by environmental and power line interference. 

Sealed Optics - The sensor element is sealed, to prevent unwanted small insects form accessing the sensor area.

Dual-technology motion detectors

Many modern motion detectors use a combination of different technologies. These dual-technology detectors benefit with each type of sensor, and false alarms are reduced. All companies have the option to use PIR/Microwave Motion Detectors that have "Pet-Immune" functions which allow the detector to ignore pets that weigh up to 80 pounds. Placement of the sensors can be strategically mounted so as to lessen the chance of pets errantly activating alarms.

Often, PIR technology will be paired with another model to maximize accuracy and reduce energy usage. PIR draws less energy than microwave detection, and so many sensors are calibrated so that when the PIR sensor is tripped, it activates a microwave sensor. If the latter also picks up an intruder, then the alarm is sounded.n it is also used in burglar alarm. As interior motion detectors do not ‘see’ through windows or walls, motion-sensitive outdoor lighting is often recommended to enhance comprehensive efforts to protect the property.

Panic Button
Panic buttons are targeted and rapid mode of contact used primarily by sick and old people to contact their care takers at times of distress or during emergency situations. It offers either visual or acoustic signaling. The signals can also be routed to the wireless devices carried by their caregivers, enabling a fast and quick response. This system typically consists of a main communicator panel and the multiple points connected to it.

Ultrasonic detectors

Using frequencies between 25 kHz and 75 kHz, these active detectors transmit ultrasonic sound waves that are inaudible to humans. The Doppler shift principle is the underlying method of operation, in which a change in frequency is detected due to object motion. This is caused when a moving object changes the frequency of sound waves around it. Two conditions must occur to successfully detect a Doppler shift event:

• There must be motion of an object either towards or away from the receiver.
• The motion of the object must cause a change in the ultrasonic frequency to the receiver relative to the transmitting frequency.

The ultrasonic detector operates by the transmitter emitting an ultrasonic signal into the area to be protected. The sound waves are reflected by solid objects (such as the surrounding floor, walls and ceiling) and then detected by the receiver. Because ultrasonic waves are transmitted through air, then hard-surfaced objects tend to reflect most of the ultrasonic energy, while soft surfaces tend to absorb most energy.

When the surfaces are stationary, the frequency of the waves detected by the receiver will be equal to the transmitted frequency. However, a change in frequency will occur as a result of the Doppler principle, when a person or object is moving towards or away from the detector. Such an event initiates an alarm signal. This technology is considered obsolete by many alarm professionals, and is not actively installed.

Microwave detectors

This device emits microwaves from a transmitter and detects microwaves at a receiver, either through reflection or reduction in beam intensity. The transmitter and receiver are usually combined inside a single housing (monostatic) for indoor applications, and separate housings (bistatic) for outdoor applications.

By generating energy in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, detector operates as an active volumetric device that responds to:

• A Doppler shift frequency change.
• A frequency phase shift.
• A motion causing reduction in received energy.

Photo-electric beams

Photoelectric beam systems detect the presence of an intruder by transmitting visible or infra red light beams across an area, where these beams maybe obstructed. To improve the detection surface area, the beams are often employed in stacks of two or more. However, if an intruder is aware of the technology’s presence, it can be avoided. The technology can be an effective long-range detection system, if installed in stacks of three or more where the transmitters and receivers are staggered to create a fence-like barrier. Systems are available for both internal and external applications. To prevent a clandestine attack using a secondary light source being used to hold the detector in a ‘sealed’ condition whilst an intruder passes through, most systems use and detect a modulated light source.

Glass break detectors

A glass break detector is a device that detects a break in a pane of glass, alerting a burglar alarm. If it detects broken glass, and the alarm is set, then it sets off the alarm.

It used for internal perimeter building protection. When glass breaks it generates sound in a wide band of frequencies. These can range from infrasonic, which is below 20 Hertz (Hz) and can not be heard by the human ear, through the audio band from 20 Hz to 20 kHz which humans can hear, right up to ultrasonic, which is above 20 kHz and again cannot be heard. Glass break acoustic detectors are mounted in close proximity to the glass panes and listen for sound frequencies associated with glass breaking. Seismic glass break detectors are different in that they are installed on the glass pane. When glass breaks it produces specific shock frequencies which travel through the glass and often through the window frame and the surrounding walls and ceiling. Typically, the most intense frequencies generated are between 3 and 5 kHz, depending on the type of glass and the presence of a plastic interlayer. Seismic glass break detectors “feel” these shock frequencies and in turn generate an alarm condition.

Acoustic Glassbreak Detectors employ a microphone, which "listens" for the sound(s) created by breaking glass. These sounds are typically recorded, digitized and then compared to a library of other sounds/events to determine if in fact glass was broken or a false alarm occurred.

There are several types of window break detectors, one kind detects the vibrations of the window, and if the vibrations get too high/ the window breaks the alarm goes off. Basically the device tells whether or not the window is broken by measuring the vibrations. Another kind detects the noise of glass breaking.

Magnetic Door Contact

Magnetic Door Contact detectors identify intruders by using a magnet and reed switch mechanism. The reed switches are electrical contacts held open by the presence of a magnet. When a magnet attached to an opening door moves away from the reed switches in the alarmed sensor, the switches make contact with each other and trigger a radio frequency (RF) transmission to the system control panel. Information in the RF transmission identifies the type and location of the sensor.

Magnetic Door Contact Detectors can be surface-mounted or recessed. Absence of any external wiring provides the installer with unlimited scope to place the device in positions where it is hidden from view. The detector is a truly stand alone module containing the low power viper integrated circuit, identification and encoding electronics, scantronic transmitter, integral aerial and battery. 

Salient features include: 

Simple calibration 

Exclusive double knock facility at point of attack 

Wire free 

Scantronic 4600 series compatible 

Adjustable detection sensitivity 

Fully approved transmitter 

Integral magnetic door contact

LPG Gas Detector

LP gas (butane or propane) is the most common type of fuel used for cooking and heating worldwide. LPG leak can cause devastating explosions and consequences of a gas leak in both domestic and commercial situations are every bit as disastrous as those of a fire and can be avoided with the fitting of easy to use and cost effective detection equipment. 

Feature and Benefits are as follows:

Officially approved to BS7348 (The British Standards for Domestic Gas Detectors). 

Proven semiconductor sensor technology. 

230Vac or 12Vds versions. 

Relay output models are available. 

Suitable for home, caravan and commercial use. 

Easy to install and use with no maintenance.

Smoke, heat, and carbon monoxide detectors

Smoke Detectors provide the earliest practicable fire detection and warning. This system consists of smoke or heat detectors at designated locations, to detect smoke or heat at the earliest during any outbreak of fire. The various types of detectors used in this system are Photoelectric, Heat and Multisensing. The detectors are selected based on certain pre-determined parameters. On sensing fire the system initiates a warning alarm, thereby alerting the occupants.

Most systems may also be equipped with smoke, heat, and/or carbon monoxide (CO) detectors. These are also known as 24 hour zones (which are on at all times). Smoke detectors and heat detectors protect from the risk of fire and carbon monxide detectors protect from the risk of carbon monoxide.

Auto Dialer

The communicator / auto dialer is pre programmed to place 4 automatic calls to any pre set destinations, which could include the owner, other two important numbers and one to the Central Monitoring System (CMS). 

The salient features are:

Up to four keypads per control panel 

Full LCD status indication 

Illuminated keys 

On-board PA facility Entry / exit tones 

Programmable user strings 

Programmable backlight options for keypad and LCD display.

Outdoor

These types of sensors would be found most of the time mounted on fences or installed on the perimeter of the protected area.

Vibration (shaker) or inertia sensors

These devices are mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on the structure itself. The technology relies on an unstable mechanical configuration that forms part of the electrical circuit. When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm. The technology of the devices varies and can be sensitive to different levels of vibration. The medium transmitting the vibration must be correctly selected for the specific sensor as they are best suited to different types of structures and configurations.

More sophisticated sensors use piezo-electric components rather than mechanical circuits, which can be tuned to be extremely sensitive to vibration. These sensors are more durable and more resistant to tampering.

• pros: Very reliable sensors, low false alarm rate and middle place in the price range.
• cons: Must be fence mounted would be the main con. Its rather high price deters many customers, but its effectiveness offsets its high price.

The Salient feature are as follows: 

Removable Electronics 

Non gravity dependent 

Dual memory LED and relay 

Walk test facility 

Remote rest 

Dual stage sensitivity 

Sensitivity potentiometer 

LED lens relay auto resets 

Surface mount technology 

Anti condensation base 

Door contact option 

Double knock link

Passive magnetic field detection

This buried security system is based on the Magnetic Anomaly Detection principle of operation. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powering with two wires running in parallel. Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 5 inches apart on top of a wall or about foot buried in the ground. The wires are connected to a signal processor which analyzes any change in the magnetic field.

This kind of buried security system sensor cable could be buried on the top of almost any kind of wall to provide a regular wall detection ability or be buried in the ground.

• pros: Very low false alarm rate, can be put on top of any wall, very high chance of detecting real burglars.
• cons: Cannot be installed near high voltage lines, radars, or airports.

E-field

This proximity system can be installed on building perimeters, fences, and walls. It also has the ability to be installed free standing on dedicated poles. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powering one wire, with another sensing wire running parallel to it. Both wires run along the perimeter and are usually installed about 800 millimetres apart. The sensing wire is connected to a signal processor that analyses:

• amplitude change (mass of intruder),
• rate change (movement of intruder),
• preset disturbance time (time the intruder is in the pattern).

These items define the characteristics of an intruder and when all three are detected simultaneously, an alarm signal is generated.

The barrier can provide protection from the ground to about 4 metres of altitude. It is usually configured in zones of about 200 metre lengths depending on the number of sensor wires installed.

• pros: concealed as a buried form.
• cons: expensive, short zones which mean more electronics (more money), high rate of false alarms as it cannot distinguish a cat from a human. In reality it doesn't work that well, as extreme weather causes false alarms.

Microwave barriers

The operation of a microwave barrier is very simple. This type of device produces an electromagnetic beam using high frequency waves that pass from the transmitter to the receiver, creating an invisible but sensitive wall of protection. When the receiver detects a difference of condition within the beam (and hence a possible intrusion), the system begins a detailed analysis of the situation. If the system considers the signal a real intrusion, it provides an alarm signal that can be treated in analog or digital form.

Microphonic systems

Microphonic based systems vary in design but each is generally based on the detection of an intruder attempting to cut or climb over a chainwire fence. Usually the microphonic detection systems are installed as sensor cables attached to rigid chainwire fences, however some specialised versions of these systems can also be installed as buried systems underground. Depending on the version selected, it can be sensitive to different levels of noise or vibration. The system is based on coaxial or electro-magnetic sensor cable with the controller having the ability to differentiate between signals from the cable or chainwire being cut, an intruder climbing the fence, or bad weather conditions.

The systems are designed to detect and analyse incoming electronic signals received from the sensor cable, and then to generate alarms from signals which exceed preset conditions. The systems have adjustable electronics to permit installers to change the sensitivity of the alarm detectors to the suit specific environmental conditions. The tuning of the system is usually accomplished during commissioning of the detection devices.

• pros: very cheap, very simple configuration, easy to install.
• cons: some systems has a high rate of false alarms because some of these sensors might be too sensitive. Although systems using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) have largely eliminated false alarms.

 Taut wire fence systems

A taut wire perimeter security system is basically an independent screen of tensioned tripwires usually mounted on a fence or wall. Alternatively, the screen can be made so thick that there is no need for a supporting chainwire fence. These systems are designed to detect any physical attempt to penetrate the barrier. Taut wire systems can operate with a variety of switches or detectors that sense movement at each end of the tensioned wires. These switches or detectors can be a simple mechanical contact, static force transducer or an electronic strain gauge. Unwanted alarms caused by animals and birds can be avoided by adjusting the sensors to ignore objects that exert small amounts of pressure on the wires. It should be noted that this type of system is vulnerable to intruders digging under the fence. A concrete footing directly below the fence is installed to prevent this type of attack.

• pros: low rate of false alarms, very reliable sensors and high rate of detection.
• cons: Very expensive, complicated to install and old technology.

Fibre optic cable

A fibre-optic cable can be used to detect intruders by measuring the difference in the amount of light sent through the fibre core. If the cable is disturbed, light will ‘leak’ out and the receiver unit will detect a difference in the amount of light received. The cable can be attached directly to a chainwire fence or bonded into a barbed steel tape that is used to protect the tops of walls and fences. This type of barbed tape provides a good physical deterrent as well as giving an immediate alarm if the tape is cut or severely distorted. Other type’s works on the detection of change in polarization which is caused by fiber position change.

• pros: very similar to the Microphonic system, very simple configuration, easy to install. Can detect for distances of several km on a single sensor.
• cons: high rate of false alarm or no alarms at all for systems using light that leaks out of the optical fiber. The polarization changing system is much more sensitive but false alarms depend on the alarm processing.

H-field

This system employs an electro-magnetic field disturbance principle based on two unshielded (or ‘leaky’) coaxial cables buried about 10–15 cm deep and located at about 2.1 metres apart. The transmitter emits continuous Radio Frequency (RF) energy along one cable and the energy is received by the other cable. When the change in field strength weakens due to the presence of an object and reaches a pre-set lower threshold, an alarm condition is generated. The system is unobtrusive when it has been installed correctly, however care must be taken to ensure the surrounding soil offers good drainage in order to reduce nuisance alarms.

• pros: concealed as a buried form.
• cons: affected by RF noise, high rate of false alarms, hard to install.

Hooter

The hooters offered are sophisticated, stylish and highly featured solution to external sounder requirements.

The features are: 

Easily mountable 

Rugged strobe with panaromic lens 

Sound output - 108 db - 113 db 

Selectable timer 

Dual ring mode 

Alternating comfort Leds 

Selectable sounder cut-off timer

System connections

The trigger signal from each sensor is transmitted to one or more control unit(s) either through wires or wireless means (radio, line carrier, infrared). Wired systems are convenient when sensors (such as PIRs, smoke detectors etc) require power to operate correctly, however, they may be more costly to install. Entry-level wired systems utilize a Star network topology, where the panel is at the center logically, and all devices "home run" its wire back to the panel. More complex panels use a Bus network topology where the wire basically is a data loop around the perimeter of the facility, and has "drops" for the sensor devices which must include a unique device identifier integrated into the sensor device itself (e.g iD biscuit). Wired systems also have the advantage, if wired properly, of being tamper-evident. Wireless systems, on the other hand, often use battery-powered transmitters which are easier to install, but may reduce the reliability of the system if the sensors are not supervised, or if the batteries are not maintained. Depending on distance and construction materials, one or more wireless repeaters may be required to get the signal reliably back to the alarm panel. Hybrid systems utilize both wired and wireless sensors to achieve the benefits of both. Transmitters, or sensors can also be connected through the premises electrical circuits to transmit coded signals to the control unit (line carrier). The control unit usually has a separate channel or zone for burglar and fire sensors, and better systems have a separate zone for every different sensor, as well as internal "trouble" indicators (mains power loss, low battery, wire broken, etc).

Alarm connection and monitoring

Depending upon the application, the alarm output may be local, remote or a combination. Local alarms do not include monitoring, though may include indoor and/or outdoor sounders (e.g. motorized bell or electronic siren) and lights (e.g. strobe light) which may be useful for signaling an evacuation notice for people during fire alarms, or where one hopes to scare off an amateur burglar quickly. However, with the widespread use of alarm systems (especially in cars), false alarms are very frequent and many urbanites tend to ignore alarms rather than investigating, let alone contacting the necessary authorities. In short, there may be no response at all. In rural areas (e.g., where nobody will hear the fire bell or burglar siren) lights or sounds may not make much difference anyway, as the nearest responders could take so long to get there that nothing can be done to avoid losses.

Remote alarm systems are used to connect the control unit to a predetermined monitor of some sort, and they come in many different configurations. High-end systems connect to a central station or responder (eg. Police/ Fire/ Medical) via a direct phone wire (or tamper-resistant fiber optic cable), and the alarm monitoring includes not only the sensors, but also the communication wire itself. While direct phone circuits are still available in some areas from phone companies, because of their high cost they are becoming uncommon. Direct connections are now most usually seen only in Federal, State, and Local Government buildings, or on a school campus that has a dedicated security, police, fire, or emergency medical department (in the UK communication is only possible to an Alarm Receiving Centre - communication direct to the emergency services is not permitted). More typical systems incorporate a digital telephone dialer unit that will dial a central station (or some other location) via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and raise the alarm, either with a synthesized voice or increasingly via an encoded message string that the central station decodes. These may connect to the regular phone system on the system side of the demarcation point, but typically connect on the customer side ahead of all phones within the monitored premises so that the alarm system can seize the line by cutting-off any active calls and call the monitoring company if needed. Encoders can be programmed to indicate which specific sensor was triggered, and monitors can show the physical location (or "zone") of the sensor on a list or even a map of the protected premises, which can make the resulting response more effective. For example, a water-flow alarm, coupled with a flame detector in the same area is a more reliable indication of an actual fire than just one or the other sensor indication by itself. Many alarm panels are equipped with a backup dialer capability for use when the primary PSTN circuit is not functioning. The redundant dialer may be connected to a second phone line, or a specialized encoded cellular phone, radio, or internet interface device to bypass the PSTN entirely, to thwart intentional tampering with the phone line(s). Just the fact that someone tampered with the line could trigger a supervisory alarm via the radio network, giving early warning of an imminent problem (e.g., arson). In some cases a remote building may not have PSTN phone service, and the cost of trenching and running a direct line may be prohibitive. It is possible to use a wireless cellular or radio device as the primary communication method.

Broadband Alarm Monitoring

Increasing deployment of voice over IP technology (VoIP) is driving the adoption of broadband signaling for alarm reporting. Many sites requiring alarm installations no longer have conventional telephone lines (POTS), and alarm panels with conventional telephone dialer capability do not work reliably over some types of VoIP service.

Legacy dial up analog alarm panels or systems with serial/parallel data ports may be migrated to broadband through the addition of an alarm server device which converts telephone signaling signals or data port traffic to IP messages suitable for broadband transmission. But the direct use of VoIP (POTS port on premises terminal) to transport analog alarms without an alarm server device is problematic as the audio codecs used throughout the entire network transmission path cannot guarantee a suitable level of reliability or quality of service acceptable for the application.

In response to the changing public communications network, new alarm systems often can use broadband signaling as a method of alarm transmission, and manufacturers are including IP reporting capability directly in their alarm panel products. When the Internet is used as a primary signaling method for critical security and life safety applications, frequent supervision messages are configured to overcome concerns about backup power for network equipment and signal delivery time. But for typical applications, connectivity concerns are controlled by normal supervision messages, sent daily or weekly.

Listen In Alarm monitoring

Monitored alarms and speaker phones allow for the central station to speak with the homeowner and/or intruder. This may be beneficial to the owner for medical emergencies. For actual break-ins, the speaker phones allow the central station to urge the intruder to cease and desist as response units have been dispatched.

Alarm monitoring Services

The list of services to be monitored at a Central Station has expanded over the past few years to include: Access Control; CCTV Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring; Intrusion Alarm Monitoring; Fire Alarm & Sprinkler Monitoring; Critical Condition Monitoring; Medical Response Monitoring; Elevator Telephone Monitoring; Hold-Up or Panic Alarm Monitoring; Duress Monitoring; Auto Dialer tests; Open & Close Signal Supervision & Reporting; Exception Reports; and PIN or Passcode Management. Increasingly, the Central Stations are making this information available directly to end users via the internet and a secure log-on to view and create custom reports on these events themselves.

Alarm response

Depending upon the zone triggered, number and sequence of zones, time of day, and other factors, the monitoring center can automatically initiate various actions. They might be instructed to call the ambulance, fire department or police department immediately, or to first call the protected premises or property manager to try to determine if the alarm is genuine. They could also start calling a list of phone numbers provided by the customer to contact someone to go check on the protected premises. Some zones may trigger a call to the local heating oil company to go check on the system, or a call to the owner with details of which room may be getting flooded. Some alarm systems are tied to video surveillance systems so that current video of the intrusion area can be instantly displayed on a remote monitor, not to mention recorded.

Access control and bypass codes

To be useful, an intrusion alarm system is deactivated or reconfigured when authorized personnel are present. Authorization may be indicated in any number of ways, often with keys or codes used at the control panel or a remote panel near an entry. High-security alarms may require multiple codes, or a fingerprint, badge, hand-geometry, retinal scan, encrypted response generator, and other means that are deemed sufficiently secure for the purpose.

Failed authorizations should result in an alarm or at least a timed lockout to prevent "experimenting" with possible codes. Some systems can be configured to permit deactivation of individual sensors or groups. Others can also be programmed to bypass or ignore individual sensors (once or multiple times) and leave the remainder of the system armed. This feature is useful for permitting a single door to be opened and closed before the alarm is armed, or to permit a person to leave, but not return. High-end systems allow multiple access codes, and may even permit them to be used only once, or on particular days, or only in combination with other users' codes (i.e., escorted). In any case, a remote monitoring center should arrange an oral code to be provided by an authorized person in case of false alarms, so the monitoring center can be assured that a further alarm response is unnecessary. As with access codes, there can also be a hierarchy of oral codes, say, for furnace repairperson to enter the kitchen and basement sensor areas but not the silver vault in the butler's pantry. There are also systems that permit a duress code to be entered and silence the local alarm, but still trigger the remote alarm to summon the police to a robbery.

Fire sensors can be "isolated", meaning that when triggered, they will not trigger the main alarm network. This is important when smoke and heat is intentionally produced. The owners of buildings can be fined for generating False alarms that waste the time of emergency personnel.

False / no alarms

System reliability can be a problem when it causes nuisance alarms, false alarms, or fails to alarm when called for. Nuisance alarms occur when an unintended event evokes an alarm status by an otherwise properly working alarm system. A false alarm also occurs when there is an alarm system malfunction that results in an alarm state. In all three circumstances, the source of the problem should be immediately found and fixed, so that responders will not lose confidence in the alarm reports. It is easier to know when there are false alarms, because the system is designed to react to that condition. Failure alarms are more troublesome because they usually require periodic testing to make sure the sensors are working and that the correct signals are getting through to the monitor. Some systems are designed to detect problems internally, such as low or dead batteries, loose connections, phone circuit trouble, etc. While earlier nuisance alarms could be set off by small disturbances, like insects or pets, newer model alarms have technology to measure the size/weight of the object causing the disturbance, and thus are able to decide how serious the threat is, which is especially useful in burglar alarms.

False-Alarm Reduction

Home and business owners can now choose a new type of keypad control panel designed to help reduce false alarms.

Based on a standard called CP-01-2000, developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Security Industry Association (SIA)) , the new generation of keypad control panels takes aim at user error by building in extra precautions that minimize unwarranted dispatch of emergency responders.

Some of the features of CP-01 keypads include a progress annunciation function that emits a different sound during the last 10 seconds of delay, which hastens exit from the premises. Also, the exit time doubles if the user disables the pre-warning feature.

Other "rules" address failure to exit premises, which results in arming all zones in Stay Mode and a one-time, automatic restart of exit delay. However, if there is an exit error, an immediate local alarm will sound.

Cross zoning reduces alarms

Cross zoning is an innovative alarm-system strategy that does not require a new keypad. Using multiple sensors to monitor activity in one area, advanced software analyzes input from all the sources.

For example, if a motion detector trips in one area, the signal is recorded and the central-station monitor notifies the customer. A second alarm signal - received in an adjacent zone in close time proximity, is the confirmation the central-station monitor needs to request a dispatch immediately. This builds in increased protection and a fail safe should a door blow open or a bird rattle an exterior window.

Enhanced Call Verification

Enhanced Call Verification (ECV) helps reduce false dispatches while still protecting citizens. ECV requires central station personnel to attempt to verify the alarm activation by making a minimum of two phone calls to two different responsible party telephone numbers before dispatching law enforcement to the scene.

The first alarm-verification call goes to the location the alarm originated. If contact with a person is not made a second call is placed to a different number. The secondary number, best practices dictate, should be to a telephone that is answered even after hours, preferably a cellular phone of a decision maker authorized to request or bypass emergency response.

Video verification

Video verification documents a change in local conditions by using cameras to record video signals or image snapshots. The source images can be sent over a communication link, usually an Internet protocol (IP) network, to the central station where monitors retrieve the images through proprietary software. The information is then relayed to law-enforcement and recorded to an event file, which can later be used as prosecution evidence.

An example of how this system works is when a passive infrared or other sensor is triggered a designated number of video frames from before and after the event is sent to the central station.

A second video solution can be incorporated into to a standard panel, which sends the central station an alarm. When a signal is received, a trained monitoring professional accesses the on-site digital video recorder (DVR) through an IP link to determine the cause of the activation. For this type of system, the camera input to the DVR reflects the alarm panel’s zones and partitioning, which allows personnel to look for an alarm source in multiple areas.

SSA Integrate is Certified installer for Texecom Intrusion product in India.