Distributing Video Over CAT 5 and CAT 7

Some SI Need to Know About Video Distribution Through Cat5 or Cat7


When thinking of setting up your home video system, it means that you should know something about distributing video over CAT5 and CAT7 because it is the kind of system that will broadcast optimum performance. It also means that you can now have your source from a distance away from the display device, television or monitor.
There are three (3) general types of video distribution system:
1) Analog or Baseband
2) Internet Protocol
3) Radio Frequency

Any of these types may use coaxial cables, category 5 or more commonly known as CAT5 cables, CAT5e, CAT6, CAT6e or CAT7 cables. What are the differences between them?
1) CAT-5 distributes video up to 100M.
2) CAT-5e 350M.
3) CAT-6 and CAT6e distributes video as far as 550M to 1000M
4) CAT-7 is rated from 700M to 1000M.

Viewing Video Over CAT5 or CAT7
Video over CAT5 or CAT7 like those delivered by CATV, data, and telephone are all distributed in similar wiring closets. It delivers videos that may run along a distance of 100M for CAT 5 or even up to 1000M for CAT7. Video over CAT5 or CAT7 all goes out on the same cabling system. The system is channeled in a passive broadband balun that converts any uneven coaxial signal into a balanced signal through the video over CAT5 or CAT7. Even when distributed to different channels simultaneously, it will not slow down the network because the air analog signals do not travel on that similar network, and thus, it does not rely on the bandwidth of the video signals.
Presently, the use of FTP or UTP cables for audio and video needs is prevalent. Instead of using coaxial cables, CAT5 and CAT7 cables are used. Coax are first installed into the hubs and everything else is distributed through the FTP/UTP. Video over CAT7 or CAT5 for that matter are now possible at a limited cost. There is ease in the installation and location change is not a big deal. All one needs to do is connect patch cords from the distribution hub to the patch panel and have a single port converter connected to the television.

Advantages of a Video System Using CAT5 and CAT7
1) Video over CAT5 or CAT7 is cost effective as it eliminates the need for additional coaxial cables.
2) Configuration of video over CAT5 or CAT7 is much easier than having multiple splitter taps, amplifiers and combiners of coax.
3) A high quality signal is maintained as the distribution system of video over CAT5 or video over CAT7 uses active RF video hubs. It makes automatic slope adjustments hence all video channels’ image quality is sustained.
4) The video distribution system of CAT5 or CAT7 can carry out voice and auxiliary signals simultaneously. There are no interferences between the voice and video data.
5) A system with video over CAT5 or CAT7 allows video streaming from the computer and it is made possible through a broadband video system.
Distributing video over CAT5 and CAT7 is made possible through an RF broadband system. It broadcasts CATV, HDTV, internally generated video, video-on-demand services, and satellite videos through twisted pairs of CAT5 or CAT7 cables.

LCD TV vs. Plasma TV - Which is better ?

LCD TV  vs Plasma TV..

You know you want to buy a flat-screen TV but you don't know if a plasma TV or an LCD TV would be your best choice.

This article explains the differences between plasma versus LCD TVs, and then shows you how to get the best price for a plasma or LCD TV.

LCD TV

LCD (light crystal display) TV screens are made up of a thin layer of liquid crystals sandwiched between two glass plates. When electricity is sent through the crystals an array of tiny multi-colored pixels light up to create a picture.

LCD TV screens are thinner and lighter than plasma screens. They are the most screens for computers, and are quickly gaining popularity as TV screens.

LCD TV screens are anywhere from 1/4" to 4" thick and 2" to 65" wide.

Plasma TV.

A plasma TV screen consists of millions of multi-colored gas-filled cells. When electricity passes through the cells they light up and produce a picture. Plasma TV screens have a much higher resolution than tube TV screens. In fact, the picture is so clear it's almost like watching a scene through a window. Screen sizes range from 42" to 65" wide and are 3" to 4" thick.

Plasma vs. LCD Features

Picture Quality

When it comes to which type of TV screen is sharper and shows more detail, plasma TV have a slight edge over LCD TVs, though LCD TVs are catching up.

Plasma TVs are also slightly better when it comes to viewing angle – how far you can sit to one side of a TV screen before picture quality is affected.

Screen Life

Screen life is the number of hours a TV provides before the picture begins to fade. Plasma TVs have a screen life of about 30,000 to 60,000 hours, depending on the make and model, while LCD TV's have a screen life of 60,000 hours or more.

Plasma TVs are also subject to "burn in". This occurs when a TV displays a still image long enough for a ghost of that image to be burned into the screen. LCD TVs do not have this problem.

HD TV

Both plasma and LCD TVs display HD (high definition) signals for a sharper, more three dimensional picture. LCD TVs, however, have a slightly higher resolution (more screen pixels) then plasma TVs.

Video Games

Plasma and LCD TVs are both great for video gaming, however because of plasma TV's tendency toward screen burn in, an LCD TV is the better choice if you play a lot of video games.

Portability

LCD TVs are thinner and lighter than plasma TVs, making them easier to move and easier to mount on a wall.

What is the NTSC and PAL Setting On DVR?

Many DVRs are compatible with both NTSC and PAL standards. NTSC standard is predominately in North America and PAL in Europe. The PAL and NTSC standard actually refer to the method used to transmit color. The PAL standard actually requires 2 NTSC decoders to display video (one for each line alternatively) while the NTSC standard only requires one. The NTSC standard is supposedly less accurate in color display, but more efficient in the use of resources. In general, the DVR can be set to either decode NTSC cameras or PAL cameras, but not a combination of both at the same time. If you order a DVR in a package with the security cameras, then you shouldn’t have to worry about the setting or compatibility. If, on the other hand you purchase your cameras from one country, and the DVR from another, then you definitely should make sure that the DVR is compatible with the cameras. Check the standard of the cameras (NTSC or PAL) and the standard of the DVR. Remember that you cannot mix and match the cameras.

Also, keep in mind that just because you are in the USA does not mean you cannot have a PAL DVR or PAL cameras, or because you are in Europe does not mean you cannot have NTSC cameras or DVR. In actuality, you only need to be sure that the cameras and DVR are both compatible.

Splitting / Amplifying the Video Signal

 Keep in mind the video signal used in CCTV equipment is nominally a one volt peak-to-peak signal and is impedance sensitive to 75 ohms for ideal video reproduction at the monitor. If these parameters are not kept, then the video will degrade.

Distribution Amplification

If the installation of a system requires viewing the video at multiple locations from a single camera, there are a few different ways of accomplishing this. One way is through using a distribution amplifier. This device basically takes the single video signal and reproduces the exact signal into multiple outputs; and in the case of the Pelco DA104DT you would get four identical outputs.

So, if the input signal is a one volt peak-to-peak signal you will get four output signals of the same amplitude. Providing the run distance for the type of coax used is kept within the specified length, no other equipment will be needed to reproduce a nice clear video display on each monitor. Another timesaving feature of the Pelco DA104DT is that there are not adjustments required. Just connect the unit, turn it on, and the installation is complete. If the need arises where more than four signals are required, multiple units can be linked together by simply using one of the output signals as an input signal to the next unit, and so on.

Equalizing Amplification

Due to the many factors that can effect the video signal, it is sometimes necessary to enhance the video signal (as in transmitting a nominal video signal level) directly out of the camera, through RG59 coax to a monitor, while still producing a clear video display across the entire length of the coax. In this case the coax should not exceed 750 feet (228 m).

However, let's say you need to use RG59 because it's more flexible and much easier to work with but the cable length must be 1,500 feet (457 m). The signal at this point is going to be weak and will display a very degraded picture on the monitor. As mentioned, there are many things that can effect signal strength before the signal reaches the monitor. If you find a weak signal, simply pass the weak signal through an equalizing amplifier, make the required adjustments, and once again there will be a good, strong signal that will produce a nice picture.

The Pelco model EA2010 is a post-equalizing amplifier which simply means that this device will be located close to the monitor. There's an advantage to this design in that AC power is usually more readily available at the monitoring location than it is somewhere back up the coax line, and with this type of design it only requires one person to view the monitor display while at the same time making the required adjustments to obtain the nominal signal level.

As mentioned in the example on RG59,the signal strength is good up to nominally 750 feet (228 m). With the Pelco EA2010 amplifying the signal, the same grade of coax can be used in runs of up to 3,000 feet (914 m).

In regard to any equalizing amplification system, there is another type of post-equalizing amplifier that Pelco offers. It is the half-duplex post-equalizing amplifier. This device (as far as the amplification of the video signal is concerned) is exactly like the EA2010.The difference is that the EA2000 was designed specifically for use with any of the Pelco Coaxitron (up-the-coax) control/transmitter systems. This device enables the video signal requiring amplification to be transmitted over the same coaxial cable over which the control signal is transmitted, whereas if you used the EA2010 it would block the Coaxitron control signal from being transmitted.

Video compression for DVR in CCTV systems

Advantage of using a DVR technology over analog recording is that the Digital Data recorded by DVR can be compressed and saved in special hard disk and can be reviewed later. Video compression plays an important role in overall operation, properly compressed video can also save disk space.

All DVRs use some kind of compression algorithm called a codec to keep the digital video files at a manageable size. The average size of an uncompressed still image frame at 320x240 resolution in 24-bit true color is about 230400 Byte or 2.3 Mega Byte. Same image frame in 32 bit color is about 307200 Byte or 3.07 Mega Byte.

An hour’s worth of one channel of uncompressed video at 25 frames per second would take up 21,600 megabytes (21.6 GB)

Uncompressed video of one hour will take hard disk space

Frame size 320*240 Pixel at 25 frames per second would take up

25*3600* 230400 Byte = 20736 Mega bytes

= 20.736 GB (24 bit color)

25*3600* 307200 Byte = 27648 Mega bytes

= 27.648 GB (32 bit color)

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Installing Compression Style Connectors to RG59/RG6 cabling

Installing Compression Style Connectors to RG59/RG6 cabling

1. Connectors are color coded for cable type. See chart below or manufacturer’s recommendation

2. Strip cable to dimensions shown on chart. Remove cable jacket and dielectric
3. Fold exposed braid back over cable jacket leaving smooth foil attached to dielectric
4. For Quad Shield Cable: Fold outer braid back over jacket, remove outer foil and fold inner braid back over jacket.

 5. Trim center conductor to proper length, see (A) dimension
6. Insert cable into rear of connector. Insertion depth is shown, on chart. For F-connectors, dielectric should be flush with support mandrel face.

Tips & Tricks:

• The key to a good crimp is proper cable & connector preparation
• When crimping other mfg’s connectors, minor adjustments to the crimp height may needed. Simply adjust adapter up or down
• Keep adapters secured in tool to prevent loss

 Tools required: Side cutters, needle nose pliers, X-acto knife, a cable stripper and a BNC crimper.

The stripper is required because the different bands in the coax cable have to be cut precisely to different lengths and depths, and this is difficult to do without the proper tool.

The BNC Crimper is used twice in the process - first to crimp the BNC pin to the main conductor, and then to crimp the collar over the outer insulation at the end of the operation. A quality crimper can make the difference between a connection that works and one that has to be discarded.

It is also a good idea to make a length of test cable and try it out between a couple of computers on the system before actually going through the trouble of pulling cable through wall and ceiling spaces. You don't want to do all that hard work only to find you've got the wrong cabling! The connector itself consists of three parts: the connector itself, the center pin, and the crimp barrel.
STEP 1: PREPARE CABLE
Prepare the end of the cable with the cable stripper tool. Leave yourself a few extra feet of cable length for mistakes. If you get a bad connector, you'll be able to cut it off and try again.
Setting up the cable stripper may require some trial and error adjustment.
Leave about 1/4 inch of cable sticking out the front of the stripper. You then rotate the stripper about the cable until the two layers of insulation and the shielding are cut through to their proper depths.
The center conductor is about 1/2 inch long (it will be cut to fit). The exposed portion of the inner insulation band is about 1/8 inch and the braided shielding between the two insulation bands has been cut back cleanly to the same length as the outer insulation band.
If the cable stripper does not completely do its job, you may have to clean up the cable end with an X-acto knife or needle file. Care counts here. The center conductor should not be nicked, nor should any of the braided shielding be exposed - the most difficult part of this operation is to strip the shielding without damaging the inner insulation band.

STEP 2: CRIMP PIN
Fit the center pin from the connector package over the center conductor as far as it will go. The resulting length of exposed center conductor is the amount of conductor that will have to be cut off for a proper fit. Take the pin back off and cut the center conductor to the correct length with side cutter pliers. It should be 3/16 inch plus or minus. Now when the pin is placed back on the conductor, its base should just reach the inner insulation band (the center conductor should no longer be exposed.)
Place the pin on the center conductor, snug up the crimping tool over the pin (in the special die portion of the crimper provided for the pin) . . . and when you're absolutely sure everything is properly aligned, crimp the pin to the center conductor. Be careful. If this is messed up, you have to start over prepping the cable again with a new connector. Have a few more connectors on hand, even though you'll get good at this, mistakes are made, and if you don't have enough you'll put a real time strain on your project. You will use them!
The base of the pin is seated on the top of the inner insulation band. The crimping process flattens out the pin a bit where the crimping tool applies pressure to it. Clean up any sharp edges left by the crimper with a jeweller’s file, if necessary.

STEP 3: INSTALL BNC CONNECTOR
Slide the Crimp Barrel (or collar) over the cable before installing the connector itself - we will come back to the crimp barrel in the next step, but you have to slide it onto the cable now (you can't force it over the much larger connector later).
You must insert the connector unto the cable. The knurled cylinder portion fits over the pin and inner insulation band and is press-fitted-twisted into place. It has to fit snugly between the outer and inner insulation bands, and during the process, it fights with the braided shielding for this tight space.
When you think you've got the connector inserted under the insulation as far as it will go, push it a little farther. You'll know you're finished when most of the knurled surface has disappeared under the insulation and the center pin is rigid in its seated location inside the connector. If the pin is loose and the connector is on as far as it will go, the length of exposed inner insulation band when the cable was stripped is too short. If the pin is tight but a lot of the knurled portion of the connector is still showing, the length of exposed inner insulation band and/or center conductor when the cable was prepared is too long.

STEP 4: CRIMP BARREL

You're almost done. Now slide the crimp barrel (placed on the cable at the beginning of the last step) up as close to the connector as you can get it.
It will take some effort to get as much of it as possible over the bulge in the cable caused by the last step.
If you have a general-purpose wire stripper/crimper, it has an "ignition terminals" opening that is a little bigger than the cable and a little smaller than the crimp barrel. This is a great tool for putting some leverage behind the crimp barrel when easing it over the bulge in the cable.
Now you can crimp the barrel using the other, larger opening in the BNC crimp tool die. This will tighten and deform the crimp barrel down over the connector and cable for a secure connection.
Crimping the barrel should force the bulge in the cable up over what remains of the exposed knurled portion of the connector to the connector's base. Now you can install another connector on the other end, and then test the completed length of cable. It is good practice to test each length of cable as you go rather than install all the connectors and cabling, and then try to track down a bad connection. With a little practice you will be installing the BNC connectors like a pro.

Installing a Twist-on type BNC Connector

STEP1:

Use a stripping tool to strip the shielding from the coax part of the cable. In order for the connector to go on smoothly you will want about 3/4" of the center conductor showing and about the same amount of the copper wire braid showing (see figure 2 below).

STEP2:

 

Make sure that none of the strands of copper wire braid touches the middle conductor wire when you twist on the BNC connector. If they accidentally touch, this will not damage the camera but can result in a black (shorted out) image from the camera.

Twist on the BNC Connector onto the wire until it is snug. You will repeat Steps 1 - 3 for the DVR end of the COAX cable.

Installation of the 2 Piece BNC Crimp type connector

A crimp type connection allows for quick and simple installation while still maintaining a mechanical and electrical connection fairly close to a solder type termination. Some of the key points to remember are as follows: Make sure to use the proper size connector for the type of cable you are using. Make sure all cuts and stripping is clean. Avoid nicks as much as possible. Use the proper crimp tool; don't try to improvise with pliers, etc. Follow these steps.

 BNC connectors are not hard to install, but they must be installed correctly or they can cause problems down the road. Reproduced below are the instructions from Amphenol (the biggest connector maker). Here is a technique which requires no special tools other than a cable stripper and a crimping tool and which you may find easier than trying to measure the dimensions given in the Amphenol instructions below. You should have a look at the instructions from Amphenol , since some important warnings are contained in them, you may find an easier technique than what is described here.

 

1. Place the Plug Body assembly on the work surface
2. Place the male contact pin on the table with the tip of the pin aligned with the front of the plug assembly
3. Place the cable next to the pin with the end of the cable just beyond the little hole in the side of the pin
4. Carefully cut the cable outer sheath right where it lines up with the cable-entry edge of the Plug Body.
   Do this with a razor blade or knife being very careful not to nick or cut any of the shield braid wires.
   It's better to remove too little sheath than too much. You can remove more later if necessary.
5. Slide the Outer Ferrule onto the cable
6. Push back the braid to expose the inner conductor
7. Using a razor blade or knife, cut off about 4mm (.156 in) of insulation from the end of the inner conductor.
   Again, be very careful not to nick any of the conductor wires.
• If using RG62 cable (93 ohm) put the little bushing onto the center conductor as shown in the picture below. Bushing not needed for RG58
8. Place the Male Contact Pin onto the inner conductor, making sure all wires are inside the pin. If the pin doesn't fit snugly against the insulation, remove it and trim the conductors until it does. NO INNER CONDUCTOR WIRES SHOULD BE EXPOSED
9. Using the appropriate crimp tool (the gold-colored one for RG58, found in the "miscellaneous wrenches" drawer in RM 107) crimp the pin onto the inner conductor
10. Push the Plug Body Assembly onto the cable until you feel it 'snap' into place. The end of the pin should be flush with the edge of the Plug Body. If you can't push it in far enough because not enough outer sheath was removed in step 4, trim a little more of the outer sheath off until the Plug Body goes all the way on and the pin snaps in. BE VERY CAREFUL AT THIS STEP THAT NO BRAID WIRES ENTER THE PLUG BODY. THIS CAN CAUSE A SHORT.
11. Push the braid up over the Plug Body and trim it with a cutter or scissors so that it comes just up to the larger diameter part of the Plug Body. It should come all the way up over the knurled or ridged crimp barrel. Having braid wires stick out because they're too long is unsightly, but a greater problem is having them too short and becoming disconnected from the Plug Body.
12. Slide the Outer Ferrule up over the braid and the plug body as far as it will go, then crimp it in place with the crimp tool.

That's it You're Done!!

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Little about CCTV Guidelines for Identification

This article is now slightly out of date as the standard height of a person has now changed to 1.7m and the percentage for Identification of an Unknown Person is now 100% and not be 120% shown. Nonetheless, we believe this is one of the best articles available with regards to the technical background of this The Home Office Requirement.

Some time ago the Home Office issued guidelines for the identification of persons and vehicles. This is fine, but many system engineers stumble when trying to find what camera and lens combination will satisfy these guidelines. And what about end users who know even less about camera and lens formats, how can they assess the merits of competing specifications? This month all will be revealed for both groups.

Charts showing the horizontal and vertical fields of view for many lenses and four formats are given in ‘The Principles and Practice of CCTV’ and were published in the first issue of CCTV Today (Jan ‘94). They also show the % of the screen height of a 1.7M person. The Home Office guidelines had not been published for general use when I produced the first draft of the book and so the 1.7M was my guess at the average height. The current guidelines use 1.6M as the height.

The values for various degrees of identification are given as the percentage the 1.6M figure would occupy of the monitor screen. I call this the ‘screen height ratio’. The complete guidelines are provided in several Home Office publications and so only the basic ratios are given in this article. The publications are available free from the Home Office and provide a lot more information as well. 

These criteria are now becoming increasingly used as part of the specification for many CCTV systems, particularly in Town Centre schemes. Sometimes the specification will state the distance from the camera for each criterion, sometimes the specification will ask the question, ‘at what distances from the camera will the criteria apply’? In either case it involves calculations that are not too difficult but can be tedious to keep repeating for each lens and camera location.

Another problem that many people find difficulty in resolving are the different fields of view obtained from various camera and lenses formats, i.e. what is the result of fitting a 2/3" lens onto a 1/2" camera, and how does this affect the screen height ratio at certain distances? 

A word of caution, just about all lens manufacturers brochures give the HORIZONTAL angle of view, whereas these calculations require the VERTICAL angles of view. The vertical angle of view is the horizontal angle times 3/4. 

Field of view

Diagram 1 Field Of View

The field of view is the ratio of the sensor size to the focal length and the distance to the subject. This is shown in diagram1. The 'width to height' ratio of the sensor is 4:3. The horizontal and vertical angles and therefore fields of view are different and must be considered separately. 

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Note when using these ratios all the units must be the same, i.e. millimetres or Metres. 

Sensor Sizes

Diagram 2 shows the sensor sizes to be used when calculating fields of view and angles of view. 

Diagram 2 Sensor Dimensions

Example

Supposing it required to recognise a known person at 50M, using a 2/3" lens, the following is the calculation.

The scene height at 50M needs to be twice the standard height, 2 x 1.6=3.2M. Therefore:

The nearest standard would be a 10.5:105mm zoom lens to satisfy this requirement.

The formula can be worked backwards to find the scene height for a given lens. It is a simple matter to put all these criteria into a spreadsheet program and find the result for any combination. However, this may not be very convenient for the many salespersons on the road.

NVR Software

First NVR software to feature instant video playback option. Search video by calendar, timeline, date, time, alarm event, or by file with simultaneous live view.. Add smart tags to video in real time for easy retrieval. Features step by frame, image export and playback speed functions. View recorded video from any remote site. Multi-Screen playback with pop out spot screen. Includes batch export for easy video archive & backup.

The new release introduces innovative features not found on other cctv software as well as several performance & usability enhancements.

- Support offloading of Video Analytics processing from CPU to GPU via Nvidia Cuda
- Digital Zoom on Live & Playback video
- Preview Sequence
- Preset Sequence
- Support Pelco-D Keyboard via RS232 / RS485
- Add Support for Pelco, Impath, IP Cameras
- Updated support for H.264 camera
- Support Secondary Port in Video Server
- Added On-Screen Keyboard Feature
- Added Smoke & Fire Detection Module
- Video Analytics & Fire Dectection are now purchased separately in per-channel license
- Pos function removed to seperate package

The addition of support for analogue PTZ keyboards means is the most compatible ip surveillance software on the market allowing users to support complete legacy analogue systems or build Hybrid systems without upgrading existing hardware infrastructure.

Why People Choose Wireless Security Cameras (WCCTV)

With the increase in need for security, the demand for security cameras is also on the rise. There are a variety of cameras available in the market, each made for specific purposes and have their own advantages and disadvantages. One of the never-ending debates is the choice between wired and wireless security cameras. While both have their own pros and cons, wireless cameras have become increasingly popular. Few reasons are:

1.) Wireless cameras can be placed at any location. You do not need to worry about installing wires or electric sockets at difficult to reach locations. All you need is a camera that can function within the signal range of your security system.

2.) You do not need to spend money on installing the new wiring system. In case of wireless security cameras, the expenditure on creating a network of insulated wires to connect the entire system can be saved. This is especially true for building that did not install extra wires at the time of construction.

3.) Wires can also make the presence of a camera obvious. If you looking at installing cameras that should not be noticed by every trespasser, wireless security cameras are the right option for you.

4.) Flexibility and mobility comes with wireless cameras. If you are investing in a security system for a building which you might leave in the future, it is best to invest in wireless security devices. Home owners who have taken their house on rent or lease prefer wireless cameras as they can take the cameras along as and when they move to the nest house.

5.) Save you decor with wireless cameras. You might have spent a lot of time and money in selecting the right decor for your home or office. Installing wires might interfere with the overall theme of your decor. Hence, you can opt for wireless cameras that can be installed with minimal disturbance to the entire property.

6.) If you are an owner of an ancestral property, you would not like to damage the masonry by drilling extra holes and wires into the invaluable structure. Hence, wireless cameras are the best option for you.

7.) Hidden cameras are best in wireless versions. While you can use wired cameras and hide them behind furniture, you need to be very careful in covering them. A wireless camera saves you from this effort. You can hide them anywhere without worrying about their getting discovered. Small toys, cutlery, pens and many other things can be equipped with wireless cameras easily.

8.) If you want to use internet to transfer images to you computer, you can go for wireless cameras. The data transmitted through internet can be accessed from any internet enabled system outside your home or office as well.

9.) If are installing the security system yourself, if is always better to choose wireless cameras as they are the easiest to install.

IP cameras with Audio Detection

What is the best IP cameras with audio you used?
What security audio and video applications have you had experience with and what is the best IP cameras with audio you used?
What is IP Camera Audio and Advanced Audio Detection?
-- Many More Question comeout in my mail/phones ...

If you’ve never considered having an audio component with your surveillance system that may be because analog CCTV systms require separate audio and video cables to be installed from end to end which becomes difficult and costly over long distances. IP cameras make the implementation of audio a lot simpler because the audio and video information are sent over the same network cable eliminating the need for extra cabling.

More and more IP camera audio is becoming a common feature not only because it’s easier to process over a network cable but also because the importance of this additional surveillance medium is now being recognized.

Importance of IP Camera Audio:

Detect emergency situations and make sense of other events.
Audio covers a 360° area - surveillance systems coverage is extended beyond the field of view.
Audio detection can trigger email or, other alerts and automatically direct where a camera should record.
Having audio integrated into your surveillance simply gives you more information about a situation. Many times something is brought to our attention first by what we hear, not what we see. Car alarms, gunshots, breaking glass, and screams will not be recognized by a surveillance camera without audio. With 360° coverage, an event happening behind a camera can still be detected.

Three Audio Modes
If you’re considering audio for your appliction your intended use should be clear because it can affect which IP cameras you can select as there are three audio modes available:
Simplex: Audio can be sent in one direction only. Either from the camera only (most likely) or, from the user only.
Half-Duplex: Audio can be sent and received in both directions (to/from camera and user), BUT only in one direction at a time.
Full-Duplex: Audio is sent and received at the same time - similar to a telephone conversation.
For example, Axis offers a camera, the Axis 207MW that offers one-way audio with a built in mic while the Axis M1054 offers two-way audio support with a built-in mic and speaker.
Features such as noise cancellation and echo cancellation are also available that reduce background noise or eliminate feedback.

Audio Detection Alarm
In the same way that an IP camera can analyze video, they can intelligently analyze audio as well. As noted above, audio can hear what the video cannot see. Audio detection complements video motion detection very well because it reacts to events in areas that are too dark for the video motion detector to pick up on.
Audio detection alarms can be programmed so that when any sound (glass breaking, voices in a room, etc.) is detected, they can trigger an IP camera to:
Send & record video and audio
Send email or other alerts
Active external devices - Alarms, floodlights
Trigger a PTZ IP camera to automatically pan to a preset location to begin recording.
Audio detection can be enabled all time, at specific times, or disabled. It can also be configured to trigger an event if a sound level rises above, falls below, or passes a certain level of sound intensity. Sony IP Cameras has a great video demonstration of this function here:
Some of the applicable Sony IP cameras and video servers that have this feature can be found here:
Sony SNC-CH140
Sony SNC-RS46N
Sony SNT-EX101

Audio Compression & Audio Bit Rates:
Audio compression and audio bit rates, just like video compression and video bit rates, are an important consideration when calculating total bandwidth and storage requirements.
Just like video, audio compression uses a codec to reduce the size for efficient transmission and storage. Some audio codecs support CBR (constant bit rate) mode only or both CBR and VBR (variable bit rate) - these factors affect quality and file size.
Bit rate is an important audio setting because it determines the level of compression or, quality of the audio. Generally speaking, the higher the compression level = the lower the bit rate = the lower the audio quality.

Audio/Video Synchronization
Audio and video are two separate packet (data) streams that are sent over a network. For audio and video to play back perfectly syncronized, the two packets must be time-stamped so that they match up.

Best Practices For Audio Implementation
Audio Equipment & Placement: Select a location that will minimize interferring noise and one that’s as close to the source of the sound as possible.
Amplify Audio Signal Early: This minimizes noise in the signal chain.
Acoustical Adjustments: Adjust input gain and use features such as echo cancellation to improve audio quality.
Codec & Bit Rate Selection: Codec and Bit Rate choice affect audio quality. High compression = low quality (but available bandwidth may be a deciding factor).
Shielded Cable: Shielded cable reduces disturbance and noise. Avoid running cable near power cables or high-frequency switching signals.
Legal Implications: What are you allowed to record? Some countries restrict the use of audio and video surveillance - be sure to check with your local authorities.

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