Design of CCTV System

CCTV system design

Designing a CCTV system is a complex task, requiring at least basic knowledge of all the stages in a system, as well as its components. But more importantly, prior to designing the system, we need to know what the customer expects from it.

Understanding the customer’s requirements

The first and most important preparation before commencing the design is to know and understand the customer’s requirements. Customers can be technically oriented people, and many understand CCTV as well as you do, but most often they are not aware of the latest technical developments and capabilities of each component.

The most important thing to understand is the general concept of the surveillance the customer wants, Constant monitoring of cameras and activities undertaken by 24-hour security personnel, or perhaps just an unattended operation (usually with constant recording), or maybe a mixture of the two. Once you understand their general requirements, it might be a good idea to explain to them what is achievable with the equipment you would be suggesting. This is reasonably easy to accomplish with smaller and simpler systems, but once they grow to a size of more than 10 cameras some of which could be PTZs, a few monitors, more than one control point, a number of alarms, VCRs, and the like, things will get tougher.

Many unknown variables need to be considered: What happens if a number of alarms go off simultaneously? Which monitor should display the alarms? Will the alarms be recorded if the DVR/VCR(s) is/are playing back? What is the level of priority for each operator? And so on.

Those are the variables that define the system complexity and as in mathematics, in order to solve a system with more variables, one needs to know more parameters. They can be specified by the customer, but only after the customer has understood the technical capabilities of the equipment.

Understandably, it is imperative for you, as a CCTV expert, to know the components, hardware, and software you would be offering and to achieve what is required in the best possible way. You can create a favorable impression in the customer’s mind if at the end you give him or her as much as, or even more than, what you have promised. You will prove unsatisfactory if you do not. Remember that if the customer is fully satisfied the first time, chances are he or she will come back to do business with you again. To put it simply: Do not claim the system will do this and that if you are not certain; make sure your system delivers what you say it will.

So, to design a good, functional system, one has to know the components used, their benefits and limitations, how they interconnect, and how the customer wants them to be used. The first few parts are assumed to be fulfilled, since you would not be doing that job unless you knew a few things about CCTV. The last one – what the customer wants – can be determined during the first phone call or meeting.

Usually, the next step is to conduct a site inspection. Here is a short list of questions you should ask your customer prior to designing the system and before or during the site inspection:

• What is the main purpose of the CCTV system?

If it is a deterrent, you need to plan for cameras and monitors that will be displayed to the public.

If it is a concealed surveillance, you will need to pay special attention to the camera type and size, its protection, concealed cabling, and the like, as well as when it is supposed to be installed (after hours perhaps).

• Who will be the operator(s) ?

If a dedicated 24 hour guard is going to use the system, the alarm response needs to be different from that expected when unattended, or a partially attended, system operation.

• Will it be a monochrome or color system ?

The answer to this question will dictate the price, as well as the minimum illumination response.

Consequently, the lighting in the area needs to be looked at. A color picture will give more details about the observed events, but if the intention is to see images in very low light levels, or with infrared lights, there is no other alternative but B/W cameras (unless the customer is prepared to pay for some of the new cameras available on the market that switch between color and monochrome operation).

The price of a color system is dictated not only by the cameras, but also by the monitors, multiplexers, and/or quads (if any). Needless to say, sequential or matrix switchers, as well as time-lapse VCRs, are the same for both B/W and color.

• How many cameras are to be used ?

A small system with up to half a dozen cameras can be easily handled by a switcher or multiplexer, but bigger systems usually need a matrix switcher or a larger number of switchers and multiplexers.

• How many of the cameras will be fixed focal length and how many PTZ ?

There is a big difference in price between the two because if a PTZ camera is used instead of a fixed one, the extra cost is in the zoom lens (as opposed to the fixed one), the pan and tilt head or dome, the site driver, and the control keyboard to control it. But the advantages your customer will get having a PTZ camera will be quadrupled. If on top of this, preset positioning PTZ cameras are used, the system flexibility and efficiency will be too great to be compared with the fixed camera system. A system with only one PTZ camera and half a dozen fixed ones is a choice that may require a matrix switcher for control and will increase the price dramatically (compared to a system with only fixed cameras). Alternatively, single PTZ camera control can be achieved via a special single-camera digital or hard-wired controller, but they would also increase the price considerably. So, if a PTZ camera is required, it would be more economical to have more than one PTZ camera.

• How many monitors and control keyboards are required?

If it is a small system, one monitor and keyboard is the logical proposal, but once you get more operators and/or channels to control and view simultaneously, it becomes harder to plan a practical and efficient system. Then, an inspection of the control room is necessary in order to plan the equipment layout and interconnection.

• Will the system be used for live monitoring (which will require an instant response to alarms), or perhaps recording of the signals for later review and verification ?

This question will define whether you need to use DVR/VCR(s) with multiplexer(s). If you have a matrix switcher, you will still need a multiplexer or two in addition. Have in mind that the time lapse mode you are going to use depends on how often the tapes can be changed, and this defines the update rate of each camera recorded. Choose, whenever possible, a pair of 9-way (or 8-way) multiplexers instead of one 16-way, if you want to minimize the time delay in the recording rate update.

• What transmission media can be used on the premises ?

Usually, a coaxial cable is taken as an unwritten rule and installation should be planned accordingly. Sometimes, however, there is no choice but to use a wireless microwave or even a fiber optics transmission, which will add considerably to the total price. If the premises are subject to regular

lightning activity, you had better propose fiber optics from the beginning and explain to the customer the savings in the long run. So, you have to find out more about the environment in which the system is going, what is physically possible and what is not, and then plan an adequate video and data transmission media.

• Lastly and probably the most important thing to find out, if possible, is what sort of budget is planned for such a CCTV system?

This question will define and clarify some of the previous queries and will force you to narrow down either the type of equipment, the number of cameras, or how the system is expected to work. Although this is one of the most important factors, it should not force you to downgrade the system to something that you know will not operate satisfactorily.

If the budget cannot allow for the desired system, it is still good to go back to the customer with a system proposal that you are convinced will work as per his or her requirements (even if it is over budget) and another one designed within the budget with as many features as the budget will allow for. This will usually force you to narrow down the number of cameras, or change some from PTZ to fixed. The strongest argument you should put forward when suggesting your design is that a CCTV system should be a secure one, which can only be the case if it is done properly. Thus, by having a well-designed system, bigger savings will be made in the long run.

By presenting a fair and detailed explanation of how you think the system should work, the customer will usually accept the proposal.

Site inspections

After the initial conversation with the customer and assuming you have a reasonably good idea of what is desired, you have to make a site inspection where you would usually collect the following information:

• Cameras: type (i.e., B/W or color, fixed or PTZ, Resolution, etc.).

• Lenses: angles of view, zoom magnification ratio for zoom lenses (12.5–75 mm, 8–80 mm, etc.).

• Camera protection: housing type (standard, weatherproof, dome, discrete, etc.) mounting.

• Light: levels, light sources in use (especially when color cameras are to be used), east/west viewing direction. Visualize the sun’s position during various days of the year, both summer and winter. This will be very important for overall picture quality.

• Video receiving equipment: location, control room area, physical space, and the console.

• Monitors: Resolution, size, position, mounting, and the like.

• Power supply: type, size (always consider more amperes than what are required). Is there a need for an uninterruptable power supply (UPS)? (VA rating in that case).

• If pan/tilt heads are to be used: type, size, load rating, control (two wire – digital or multi-core). Is there a need for preset positioning (highly recommended for bigger systems)? Where are they going to be mounted? What type of brackets ?

• Make a rough sketch of the area, with the approximate initial suggestions for the camera positions. Take into account, as much as possible, the installer’s point of view. A small change in the camera’s position, which will not affect the camera’s customer. An unwritten golden rule for a good picture is to try and keep the camera from directly facing light.

• Put down the reference names of areas where the customer wants (or where you have suggested) the cameras to be installed. Also write down the reference names of areas to be monitored because you will need them in your documentation as reference points. Be alert for obvious “no-nos” (in respect to installation), even if the customer wishes something to be done. Sometimes small changes may result in high installation costs or technical difficulties that would be impossible to solve. It is always easier to deter the customer from making changes by explaining why in the initial stage, rather than having to do so later in the course of installation, when additional costs will be unavoidable.
To know more just read Condensed Code BS EN 62676-4 and BS EN 50132-7, BS EN 62676-4 Clause 4.4 & BS EN 62676-4 Clause 4.5.

Designing and quoting a CCTV system

With all of the above information, as well as the product knowledge (which needs constant updating), you need to sit down and think.

Designing a system, like designing anything new, is a form of art. As is true of many artists, your work may not be rewarded immediately, or it may not be accepted for some reason. But think positively and concentrate as if that is to be the best system you can propose. With a little bit of luck you may make it the best, and tomorrow you can proudly show it to your colleagues and customers. Different people will use different methods when designing a system. There is, however, an easy and logical beginning.

Always start with a hand drawing of what you think the system should feature. Draw the monitors, cameras, housings, interconnecting cables, power supplies, and so on. While drawing you will see the physical interconnection and component requirements. Then you will not omit any of the little things

that can sometimes be forgotten, such as camera brackets, types of cable used, and cable length. Making even a rough hand sketch will bring you to some corrections, improvements, or perhaps further inquiries to the customer. You may, for example, have forgotten to check what the maximum distance for the PTZ control is, or how far the operators are to be from the central video processing equipment, power cable distances, voltage drops, and so on.

Once you have made the final hand drawing, you will know what equipment is required, and it is at this point that you can make a listing of the proposed equipment. Then, perhaps, you will come to

the stage of matching camera/lens combinations. Make sure that they will fit in the housings or domes you intend to use. This is another chance to glance through the supplier’s specifications booklet. Do not forget to take into account some trivial things that may make installation difficult, like the coaxial cable space behind the camera (remember, it is always good to have at least 50 mm for BNC terminations), the focusing movement of a zoom lens (as mentioned earlier in the chapter on zoom lenses, in a lot of zoom lenses focusing near makes the front optical element protrude for an additional couple of millimeters), and so on.

The next stage is pricing the equipment – costs, sales tax and duty, installation costs, profit margins and the most important of all (especially for the customer) the total price.

Do not forget to include commissioning costs in there, although a lot of people break that up and show the commissioning figure separately. This is more of a practical matter, since the commissioning cost may vary considerably and it could take longer or shorter than planned. General practical experience shows that it will always take at least three times longer than planned. Also, in the commissioning fees, time should be allocated for the CCTV operator’s training.

After this step has been completed, you need to make a final and more accurate drawing of the system you are proposing. This can be hand drawn, but most CCTV designers these days use computers and CAD programs. It is easier and quicker (once you get used to it), and it looks better.

Also, the hand-calculated price needs to be written in a quotation form, with a basic explanation of how the system will work and what it will achieve. It is important for this to be written in a concise and simple, yet precise form, because quotations and proposals (besides being read by security managers and technical people) are also read by nontechnical people such as purchasing officers and accountants.

Often, spreadsheet programs are used for the purpose of precise calculation, and this is another chance to double-check the equipment listing with your drawing and make sure nothing has been left out. As with any quotation, it is more professional to have a set of brochures enclosed for the components you are proposing.

In the quotation, you should not forget to include your company’s terms and conditions of sale which will protect your legal position.

If the quotation is a response to a tender invitation, you will most likely need to submit a statement of compliance.

This is where you confirm whether your equipment complies or does not comply with the tender requirements. This is where you also have to highlight eventual extra benefits and features your equipment offers. In the tender, you may also be asked to commit yourself to the progress of the work and supply work insurance cover, in which case you will need a little bit of help from your accountant and/or legal advisor.

Many specialized companies only design and supply CCTV equipment, in which case you will need to get a quote from a specialized installer, who, understandably, will need to inspect the site. It is a good practice, at the end, to have all the text, drawings, and brochures bound in a single document, in a few copies, so as to be practical and efficient for reviewing and discussions.

Installation considerations

If you are a CCTV system designer, you do not have to worry about how certain cables will be pulled through a ceiling, raisers, or camera pole mounting; that is the installer’s job. But it would be very helpful and will save a lot of money, if you have some knowledge in that area. If nothing else, it is a good practice, before you prepare the final quotation, to take your preferred installer on site, so that you can take into account his or her comments and suggestions of how the practical installation should be carried out.

First, the most important thing to consider is the type of cable to be used for video, power, and data transmission, their distances and protection from mechanical damage, electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet protection, rain, salty air, and the like. For this purpose it is handy to know the surrounding area, especially if you have powerful electrical machinery next door, which consumes a lot of current and could possibly affect the video and control signals. Powerful electric motors that start and stop often may produce a very strong electromagnetic field and may even affect the phase stability of the mains. This in turn will affect the camera synchronization (if line-locked cameras are used) as well as the monitor’s picture display.

For example, there might be a radio antenna installed in the vicinity, whose radiation harmonics may influence the highfrequency signals your CCTV system uses.

Mounting considerations are also important at both the camera and monitor end. If poles are to be installed, not only the height, but also the elasticity of the poles is important. Steel poles, for example, are much more elastic than concrete poles. If a PTZ camera is installed, the zoom lens magnification factor will also magnify the pole’s movement which could result from wind, or vibrations from the pan/tilt head movement itself. This magnification factor is the same as the optical magnification (i.e., a zoom lens, when fully zoomed in, may magnify a 1mm movement of the camera due to wind to a 1 m variation at the object plane).

The shape of the pole is also very important

– hexagonal poles are less elastic than round ones of the same height and diameter.

The same logic applies to camera and pan/tilt head mounting brackets. A very cheap bracket of a bad design can cause an unstable and oscillating picture from even the best camera.

If the system needs to be installed in a prestigious hotel or shopping center, the aesthetics are an additional factor to determine the type of brackets and mounting. It is especially important then not to have any cables hanging.

The monitoring end demands attention to all aspects. It needs to be durable (people will be working with the equipment day and night), or aesthetical (it should look good) and practical (easy to see pictures, without getting tired of too much noise and flashing screens).

Since all of the cables used in a system wind up at the monitoring end and in most cases this is the same room where the equipment is located, special attention needs to be paid to cable arrangement and protection.

Often, cables lying around on the floor for a few days (during the installation) are subject to people walking on them, which is enough weight to damage the cable characteristics, especially the coaxial cable impedance. Remember, the impedance depends on the physical relation between the center core, the insulation, and the shield. If a bigger system is in question, it is always a better idea to propose a raised floor, where all the cables are installed freely below the raised floor.

Sometimes, if a raised floor is not possible, many cables can be run over a false ceiling. In such cases special care should be taken to secure the cables as they could become very heavy when bundled together.

Larger installations may want a patch panel for the video signals.

This is usually housed in a 19'' rack cabinet, and its purpose is to break the cables with special coax link connectors so as to be able to reroute them in case of a problem or testing.

Many installers fail to get into the habit of marking the cables properly. Most of them would know all of the cables at the time of installation, but two days later they can easily forget them. Cable marking is especially critical with larger and more complex systems. Insist on proper and permanent cable markings as per your drawings. There are plenty of special cable-marking systems on the market. In addition, listing of all the numbers used on the cables should be prepared and added to the system drawings.

Remember, good installers differ from bad ones in the way they terminate, run, arrange, and mark the cables, as well as how they document their work.

Drawings

There is no standard for drawing CCTV system block diagrams, as there is in electronics or architecture. Any clear drawing should be acceptable as long as you have clearly shown the equipment used (i.e., cameras, monitors, VCRs) and their interconnection.

Many people use technical drawing aids, such as CAD programs, or other PC or Mac-based drawing packages. Depending on the system size, it might be necessary to have two different types of drawings: one of a CCTV block diagram showing the CCTV components’ interconnection and cabling requirements, while the other could be a site layout with the camera positions and coverage area. In smaller installations, just a block diagram may be sufficient.

The CCTV block diagram needs to show the system in its completeness, how the components are interconnected, which part goes where, what type of cable is used, and where it is used.

If the site layout drawing is well prepared, it can later be used as a reference by the installer, as well as by your customer and yourself when reviewing camera locations, reference names, and discussing eventual changes.

When the CCTV system is installed and the job is finished, drawings may need small alterations, depending on the changes made during the installation. After the installation, the drawings are usually enclosed with the final documentation, which should also include manuals, brochures, and other relevant documentation.

Commissioning

Commissioning is the last and most important procedure in a CCTV system design before handing it over to the customer. It involves great knowledge and understanding of both the customer’s requirements and the system’s possibilities. Quite often, CCTV equipment programming and setup are also part of this. It includes video matrix switcher programming, time-lapse VCR programming, camera setup, and so on.

Commissioning is usually conducted in close cooperation with the customer’s system manager and/or operator(s), since a lot of settings and details are made to suit their work environment.

The following is a typical list of what is usually checked when commissioning:

All wiring is correctly terminated.

Supply voltage is correct to all appropriate parts of the system.

Camera type and lens fitted are correct for each position.

Operation of auto irises under various light levels is satisfactory.

If VCRs are fitted, they should be recording in the most efficient time-lapse mode (especially when multiplexed cameras are being recorded).

If DVRs are installed, the pictures per second performance and image quality (compression setting) should be checked .

All system controls are properly functioning (pan/tilt, zoom, focus, etc.)

The setting of all pan and tilt limits is correct.

Preset positioning, if such cameras are used, is correct.

The level of supplementary lighting is satisfactory.

The system must continue to work when the main supply is disconnected, and a check should be made as to how long it does (if UPS is used).

Commissioning larger systems may take a bit longer than the smaller ones. This is an evolution from the system on paper to the real thing, where a lot of small and unplanned things may come up because of new variations in the system concept. Customers, or users, can suggest the way they want things to be done, only when they see the initial system appearance. Commissioning in such cases may therefore take up to a few days.
Commissioning under  BS EN 62676-4 Clause 4.6 & BS EN 62676-4 Clause 13.

Training and manuals

After the initial setup, programming, and commissioning are finished, the operators, or system users, will need some form of training.

For smaller systems this is fairly straightforward and simple. Just a verbal explanation may be sufficient, although every customer deserves a written user’s manual. This can be as simple as a laminated sheet of paper with clearly written instructions.

Every piece of equipment should come with its own User’s Manual, be it a time lapse VCR, a camera, or a switcher, but they have to be put together in a system with all their interconnections and this is what has to be shown to the customer. Every detail should be covered, especially alarm response and the system’s handling in such cases. This is perhaps the most important piece of information to the operators.

For larger systems, it is a good idea to bind all the component manuals, together with the system drawings, wiring details, and operator’s instructions, in a separate folder or a binder. Naturally, for systems of a larger size, training can be a more complex task. It may even require some special presentation with slides and drawings so as to cover all the major aspects.

Good systems are recognized not only by their functionality but also by their documentation.

Handing over

When all is finished and the customer is comfortable with what he or she is getting, it is time to hand over the system. This is an official acceptance of the system as demonstrated and is usually backed by the signing of appropriate documents.

It is at this point in time that the job can be considered finished and the warranty begins to be effective.

From now on, the customer takes over responsibility for the system’s integrity and operation.

If customers are happy with the job, they usually write an official note of thanks. This may be used later, together with your other similar letters, as a reference for future customers.
Documentation consider BS EN 62676-4 Clause 4.8, BS EN 62676-4 Clause 15.3 & BS EN 62676-4 Clause 16.

Preventative maintenance

Effective and regular maintenance of a CCTV surveillance system is essential to ensure that the system remains reliable at all times. It is advisable that maintenance of the CCTV system should be carried out by the company which installed the system. However, the maintenance company should have the means, including necessary spare parts and documentation, to meet the recommendations given here.

Note: This recommendation does not place an obligation upon customers who purchase their systems to have them maintained by the installing company. Maintenance is a matter of agreement between the customer and the installing company or a separate maintenance company. Maintenance comes under BS EN 62676-4 Clause 17 & SC CoP Guiding Principle 10.

The preservation of security within the maintenance company is of paramount importance and steps should be taken to ensure the safe keeping of all customers’ equipment and documentation relating to a particular installation/contract.

Note: BS EN 50132-7 states that “CCTV systems should be maintained in accordance with the schedule supplied by the system designer or supplier”, but does not detail any specific maintenance requirements. These guidelines give specific advice for the maintenance of CCTV surveillance systems, and provide examples of the type of documentation required to be used by the service company.

A maintenance company should ensure that adequate vetting of all employees is carried out. All employees, who visit a customer’s premises, shall carry identification cards which should include a photograph and signature of the bearer, the company’s name, contact details and a date of expiry (maximum of 3 years).

Each service technician employed by the maintenance company should carry a range of tools, test equipment and other equipment to enable them to perform their functions satisfactorily. Specialist tools, test equipment and plant should be available for deeper investigation if necessary.

Note: Disconnections, for whatever reason, should be recorded on a maintenance record and authorised by the client or his representative.

The maintenance company’s organisation should be so staffed as to ensure that the recommendations of this Code of Practice can be met at all times. The following factors should be taken into consideration:

1.       the number of installations to be serviced

2.       the complexity of the installations;

3.       the geographical spread of the installations in relation to the location of the maintenance company, its branches and its service personnel

4.       the method of calling out service personnel outside normal office hours, where applicable.

5.       Service personnel should be adequately trained and training should be updated whenever appropriate.

Maintenance Service is 3 types but scope of work is same.

A.   Preventive Maintenance service.

B.   Corrective Maintenance service.

C.   Performance Maintenance service.

http://arindamcctvaccesscontrol.blogspot.in/2014/09/service-and-maintenance-for-cctv.html

Note: The BS EN standards BS EN 62676-2-X comprising part 1, 2 and 3, provide detailed guidelines to manufacturers as to how they should implement IP video transmission products.

An end user is unlikely to benefit by reading the 62676-2-X standards. They may instead be involved in a buying decision which could place reliance on claims of conformance to the part of the BS EN standard the manufacturer chose to implement. Interoperability of equipment is not solely reliant on the requirements included in the BS EN standards in their current form. There is no guarantee that a product which simply claims BS EN 62676 compliance will provide full compatibility with another claiming the same compliance although it should allow for a minimum level of image transfer. 

Installers, users and specifiers should treat claims of interoperability between manufacturers products with caution. The parts of the BS EN standard which focus on interoperability, are 62676-2-2, which describes the PSIA guidelines for interoperability of IP Video devices, and 62676-2-3, which describes the ONVIF guidelines for interoperability.

ONVIF and PSIA, are at their base level, a common set of commands allowing basic communication between devices but this does not guarantee that the devices will function to the full potential of their design. Issues with product firmware and software should also be considered: a change of firmware / software versions should be tested separately to ensure continued interoperability. Whilst the specifications try to take this into account, the number of products claiming to be conformant currently makes this an impossible task.

Claims by product manufacturers that PSIA or ONVIF compliance means that users do not have to check that the products work together should be treated with great caution. It is strongly recommended that all such products are tested before being deployed.

Multiple CCTV Camera Over Single Coax

This equipment allow the user to send multiple video signals over a single coax cable. Perfect solution to applications where additional cameras are needed, but only a single coax cable is available. Simply attach each camera to a unique single channel injector, then use a combiner to send them all together. Additional injectors may be added and combined anywhere along the cable to add additional cameras. The video extractors are available in 4, 8, & 16 channels, and may also be placed anywhere along the coax run to selectively extract the desired cameras at that location. The out of box Video signal strength allows for runs up to 1000 ft. and beyond. Amplifiers are available if greater distances are required.

Image quality plummets for CCTV systems that extend beyond about 200 meters. Strengthening transmission signals over coax requires expensive amplification, fault correction and surge protection technology. As a result, more security professionals are choosing Transition Networks media converters to leverage their existing copper network infrastructure and add fiber optics capabilities for maximum video security performance.

Benefits of fiber:-

• Extend video coverage without any signal degradation up to 10km (6.2 miles).
• More bandwidth for next-generation equipment and applications.
• Immune to electrical interference that could degrade signal or cause interference.

HD CCTV over coax

The technology commonly called HD CCTV implements SMPTE HD-SDI standards from television broadcast technology and can transmit video at 720p or 1080p resolution over RG59 cable to a distance of at least 100 meters. HD CCTV offers the benefit of providing high-resolution (megapixel) video, over conventional analogue coaxial cables.

PROVISION-ISR HD CCTV cameras offer a standard resolution of 1080P (1920 x 1080), equivalent to 2, 1 megapixels. 1080P provides over 24-times higher resolution compared with CIF and 6 time higher resolution than D1.

While Analogue cameras continue to improve, it is still subject to the limitations of the PAL/NTSC TV format, adopting a new HD standard which enables the camera to push video resolution beyond 700TVL and offering HD quality CCTV. HD CCTV is designed to be a drop-in replacement for existing analogue CCTV, requiring only a change of camera and DVR. Both new and existing installations can use CCTV industry standard coaxial cable (RG/59, RG/6 and RG/11).

HD CCTV advantages

* HD CCTV is a digital transmission of uncompressed HD video over coaxial cable.

* HD video: true 1080P or 720P HD video quality.

* Perfect clarity with no analogue noise.

* Uncompressed-nearly zero latency and no compression artifacts.

* Coax cable: immune to network failure.

* Easy upgrade: using same infrastructure as analogue system, just replace camera and DVR.

* Familiar user interface: for the installer/operator, no difference between CCTV and HD CCTV except for higher resolution.

* Unified standards.

Provision DVR and cameras

Provision’s HD-SDI DVR, SA8800, was designed to provide installers and customers with an easy entry point to the world of HD CCTV. It provides, in one chassis, both D1 ports (four channels) and full HD 1080 ports (four channels) allowing you to upgrade your traditional analogue CCTV system to full HD at your convenience. Cameras monitoring a sensitive spot can be replaced first while existing cameras will not require change or adjustment.

HD-SDI technology uses the same infrastructure as your existing analogue installation, allowing you to replace your existing cameras and DVR in very little time and with zero configurations.

Provision ISR HD DVRs are equipped with powerful CPU core technology to enable processing of four real-time channels at full HD (1080P) and four real-time channels at D1. Our DVR operates with H.264 main profile compression format and advanced industry SOC techniques to ensure real-time recording in each channel and outstanding stability of the system.

Provision’s ISR HD-SDI cameras implement the latest video processing technology and provide advanced features: Digital image balancing-delivering accurate picture in all light conditions, WDR capabilities, privacy masking, image effects and more due to true day and night functionality (ICR), DSS (Digital slow shutter), Advanced 3D-DNR (noise reduction) and Smart IR technology (all cameras provide an excellent night performance).

Benefits of HD cameras in different sectors

High-definition (HD) cameras are the best suited for today’s video surveillance needs. That said, we must remember that all HD cameras are megapixel (MP), but not all megapixel cameras are HD. The biggest difference between a megapixel camera and the high-definition cameras is that HD images use the 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio and megapixel produces images in a 4:3 aspect ratio.

HDTV provides a higher resolution and higher resolution translates into more detail, which in turn leads to better possibilities for identification. In addition, a true HDTV network camera provides full frame rate and extended colour fidelity, for an even better viewing experience.

To reiterate, all HD cameras are megapixel, but not all megapixel cameras are HD, and good quality, easy installation, and ease of use will set HD apart from standard analogue and MP systems.

Retail

In retail, theft and shrinkage can be drastically reduced through effective video surveillance. HDTV network cameras have an important role to play, for example by giving an overview – without any blind spots – of shops and stores.

City surveillance

HDTV network cameras are typically used in city surveillance situations to provide high-resolution video streams from locations where there is a need to be able to clearly identify people and objects, or get a larger overview.

High security premises

Casinos and airports, together with passport controls, banks and similar high security premises, are areas where the requirements on the surveillance cameras often include high image quality and detail as well as full frame rate, making HDTV network cameras the natural choice.

Transportation

Security and safety for both passengers and staff are highly prioritized issues for public transportation authorities around the world. HDTV cameras at stations, terminals and airports as well as on-board buses and trains, provide valid evidence in the event of criminal incidents.

How to Selecting a Video Cable

Selecting Video Cable

There are two factors that govern the selection of cable: the location of cable runs, either indoor or outdoor, and the maximum length of the individual cable runs.

Video coaxial cable is designed to transmit maximum signaling energy from a 75 ohm source to a 75 ohm load with minimum signal loss. Excessive signal loss and reflection occurs if cable rated for other than 75 ohms is used. Cable characteristics are determined by a number of factors (core material, dielectric material and shield construction, among others) and must be carefully matched to the specific application. Moreover, the transmission characteristics of the cable will be influenced by the physical environment through which the cable is run and the method of installation.

Use only high quality cable and be careful to match the cable to the environment (indoor or outdoor). Solid core, bare-copper conductor is best suited to video applications, except where flexing occurs. In locations where the cable must be continuously flexed (i.e., when used with scanners or pan & tilts), use cable intended for such movement. This cable will have a stranded wire core. Use only cable with pure copper stranding. Do not use cable with copper-plated steel stranding because it does not transmit effectively in the frequency range used in CCTV.

The preferred dielectric material is foam polyethylene. Foam polyethylene has better electrical characteristics and offers the best performance over solid polyethylene, but it is more vulnerable to moisture. Use cable with solid polyethylene dielectric in applications subject to moisture.

In the average CCTV installation, with cable lengths of less than 750 feet (228 m),RG59/U cable is a good choice. Having an outside dimension of approximately 0.25 inches, it comes in 500-and 1,000-foot rolls.

For short cable runs, use RG59/U with a 22-gauge center conductor, which has a DC resistance of about 16 ohms per 1,000 feet (304 m). For longer runs, the 20-gauge variety which has a DC resistance of approximately 10 ohms per 1,000 feet will work well. In either case, cables with polyurethane or polyethylene as the dielectric material are readily available.

For installations requiring cable runs between 800 (244 m) and 1,500 feet (457 m),RG6/U is best. Having the same electrical characteristics as RG59/U, its outer dimension also is about equal to that of RG59/U.RG6/U comes in 500-,1000-and 2000-foot rolls, and it may be obtained in a variety of dielectric and outer-jacket materials. Due to its large-diameter center conductor of about 18 gauge,RG6/ U has a DC resistance of approximately 8 ohms per 1,000 feet (304 m) and can deliver a signal farther than RG59/U.

Use RG11/U to exceed the capability of RG6/U. Once again, the electrical characteristics of this cable are basically the same as the others. The center conductor can be ordered in 14-or 18-gauge sizes, producing a DC resistance of approximately 3-8 ohms per 1,000 feet (340 m). Being the largest of the three cables at 0.405 inches, it is more difficult to handle and install.RG11/U cable usually is delivered in 500-,1000-and 2000-foot rolls.

Because of special applications, variations of RG59/U, RG6/U and RG11/U frequently are introduced by manufacturers.

Due to changes in fire and safety regulations throughout the country, Teflon and other fire-retardant materials are becoming more popular as outer-jacket and dielectric materials. In case of a fire, these materials do not give off the same poisonous fumes as PVC-type cables, and therefore, are considered safer.

For underground applications, direct burial cables, made specifically for that purpose are recommended. The outer jacket of this type of cable contains moisture-resisting and other materials that protect the cable, allowing it to be placed directly into a trench.

With numerous choices available, finding the right video cable for each camera application should be easy. After the installation has been properly assessed, read the equipment specifications and complete the appropriate calculations.

Cable Runs

coax cable has built-in losses, the longer and smaller the cable is, the more severe the losses become; and the higher the signal frequency, the more pronounced the losses. Unfortunately this is one of the most common and unnecessary problems currently plaguing CCTV security systems as a whole.

If, for example, your monitor is located 1,000 feet (304 m) from the camera, approximately 37-percent(37%) of the high frequency information will be lost in transmission. The unfortunate aspect of this condition is that it is not obvious. You cannot see information that is not there and may not even realize that information has been deleted. Because many CCTV security systems have cable runs that exceed several thousand feet, unless you are aware of this characteristic of cable, your system may be providing a seriously degraded image.

So, if your cameras and monitors are separated by lengths greater than 750 feet (228 m), you should check to make certain that some provision has been made to guarantee the video signal's transmission strength.

Cable Type* RG59/U = 750 ft.

Cable Type* RG6/U = 1,000 ft.

Cable Type* RG11/U = 1,500 ft.

* = Minimum cable requirements= 75 ohms impedance, All-copper center conductor, All-copper braided shield with 95% braid coverage.

Cable Termination

In video security systems, camera signals must travel from the camera to the monitor. The method of transmission is usually "coax" cable. Proper termination of cables is essential to a system's reliable performance.

Because the characteristic impedance of coax cable ranges from 72 to 75 ohms, it is necessary that the signal travels on a uniform path along any point in the system to prevent any picture distortion and to help ensure proper transfer of the signal from the camera to the monitor. The impedance of the cable must remain constant with a value of 75 ohms. To properly transfer power between two video devices with acceptable losses, the signal output from the camera must match the input impedance of the cable, which in turn must match the input impedance of the monitor. The end point of any video cable run must be terminated in 75 ohms. Usually, the cable run will end at the monitor, which will ensure that this requirement is met.

Usually the video input impedance of the monitor is controlled by a switch located near the looping video (input/output) connectors. This switch allows for either 75 ohm termination if the monitor is the "end point",or Hi-Z for looping to a second monitor. Check equipment specifications and instructions to determine the proper termination requirements. Failure to terminate signals properly usually results in a high contrast, slightly grainy picture. Ghosting and other signal imperfections also may be evident.

It important to note that the BNC connectors , which are usually used for terminating coax cable, are manufactured in two different impedance -75 ohm for video use and 50 ohm for radio use. Most shopkeepers are not a ware of this difference so it is better to check the manufacturer's specification before you buy.

Unsaddled twisted pair (UTP)

UTP cabling is both in expensive and ideal for transmission of video signal up to 1350m. the cabling is run to multiplexer that supports the popular RJ45 connector . Legacy cameras with coax connectors can be retrofit with balun (balanced/unbalanced ) adpters allowing the signal to be converted from the coaxial cable (unbalanced ) to twisted pair (balanced) cable. A typical system consists of a transmitter connected to a coax cable or connector which is then converted to a signal suitable for transmitting over twisted pair cable. On the receiving end of the twisted-pair cable is a receiver that converts the signal back to one suitable for transmission on coax cable.

UTP. Requires only one twisted pair cable to carry power, video and control signals , as opposed to three different proprietary cables with traditional CCTV systems.

While the total cost of UTP cabling can be up to 30% less than traditional CCTV systems over the life of the system, it easily accommodates technological advances such as digital integration IP-based networks and power over Ethernet.

Optical fibre is some times used in this environment where distances would require use of repeaters for signal strength or where EMI. (Elector-Magnetic interference) is an issue.

Fibre Optic Cable

While coaxial cable is the most suitable cable for CCTV signal transmission over short distances it is best to consider other mediums for distances greater than 1 kilometer. The most suitable for these distances is fibre optic.

Fibre optic is a fine strand of glass which is highly transparent. There are two main types referred to single mode and multi-optic fibres. The single mode fibre optic has a high level of efficiency but can transmitting only one mode. Laser transmitters an receivers arousal required for single mode application . Multi -mode fibre optics is thicker and can operate in several modes and can accommodate cheaper forms of transmission media such as infrared . These cables are used main lyover shorter distances while the single mode fibre would be used where distance and performance were critical . The main types of applications for fibre optics are:-

Light Guide fiber-used in instrument panels and lamps it carries visible light only.

Coherent fibre-Normally referred to as coherent bundle because of its construction. This glass fibre will carry an undischarged image of light over a short distance. Its ideal for extending the lens with application in covert surveillance. High performance-For CCTV application we tend to use high performance fibers with a signal transmission media. For CCTV application we have to use the latter , high performance fibers. The glass stransparency quality of the glass is a key factor in its ability to transmit light effectively over distances and this is being improved constantly.

Fiber optic system may consist of a standard camera with the video signal being fed into a fibre optic trasmitter. The transmitter consists of circuits to convert the video signal into a series of modulated pulses . These pulses are then fed to the light source that may either be a laser or light emitting diode (LED) which emits a series of light pulses .these light pulses are focused on to the centre core of the cable which acts as a guide to the light passing along the fibre's lenght. The main light passes straight along the centre of the fibre while a little of the light hits the side of the glass tube. This is reflected back into the centre by the cladding.

This results in very low transmission losses over long distances. Fibre optic cable also has the advantage of not being affected by electromagnetic interference or EMI.

Splitting / Amplifying the Video Signal

Video signal used in CCTV equipment is nominally a one volt peak-to-peak signal and is impedance sensitive to 75 ohms for ideal video reproduction at the monitor. If these parameters are not kept, then the video will degrade.

Distribution Amplification

If the installation of a system requires viewing the video at multiple locations from a single camera, there are a few different ways of accomplishing this. One way is through using a distribution amplifier. This device basically takes the single video signal and reproduces the exact signal into multiple outputs; and in the case of the Pelco DA104DT you would get four identical outputs.

So, if the input signal is a one volt peak-to-peak signal you will get four output signals of the same amplitude. Providing the run distance for the type of coax used is kept within the specified length, no other equipment will be needed to reproduce a nice clear video display on each monitor. Another timesaving feature of the Pelco DA104DT is that there are not adjustments required. Just connect the unit, turn it on, and the installation is complete. If the need arises where more than four signals are required, multiple units can be linked together by simply using one of the output signals as an input signal to the next unit, and so on.

Equalizing Amplification

Due to the many factors that can effect the video signal, it is sometimes necessary to enhance the video signal (as in transmitting a nominal video signal level) directly out of the camera, through RG59 coax to a monitor, while still producing a clear video display across the entire length of the coax. In this case the coax should not exceed 750 feet (228 m).

However, let's say you need to use RG59 because it's more flexible and much easier to work with but the cable length must be 1,500 feet (457 m). The signal at this point is going to be weak and will display a very degraded picture on the monitor. As mentioned, there are many things that can effect signal strength before the signal reaches the monitor. If you find a weak signal, simply pass the weak signal through an equalizing amplifier, make the required adjustments, and once again there will be a good, strong signal that will produce a nice picture.

The Pelco model EA2010 is a post-equalizing amplifier which simply means that this device will be located close to the monitor. There's an advantage to this design in that AC power is usually more readily available at the monitoring location than it is somewhere back up the coax line, and with this type of design it only requires one person to view the monitor display while at the same time making the required adjustments to obtain the nominal signal level.

As mentioned in the example on RG59,the signal strength is good up to nominally 750 feet (228 m). With the Pelco EA2010 amplifying the signal, the same grade of coax can be used in runs of up to 3,000 feet (914 m).

In regard to any equalizing amplification system, there is another type of post-equalizing amplifier that Pelco offers. It is the half-duplex post-equalizing amplifier. This device (as far as the amplification of the video signal is concerned) is exactly like the EA2010.The difference is that the EA2000 was designed specifically for use with any of the Pelco Coaxitron® (up-the-coax) control/transmitter systems. This device enables the video signal requiring amplification to be transmitted over the same coaxial cable over which the control signal is transmitted, whereas if you used the EA2010 it would block the Coaxitron® control signal from being transmitted.

Cabling for IP Cameras

IP convergence means attaching different building and communication systems -- such as data, voice, security cameras and building automation systems -- onto a common network through a common Internet protocol. In the surveillance world, IP convergence means moving from analog to IP cameras.

IP camera technology offers new and expanded features in CCTV surveillance that were previously unavailable on analog cameras. However, performance and scalability can be affected because of poor system infrastructure, as well as product performance.

For organizations to realize the full benefits of IP video surveillance, they must design and build a system that is capable of meeting current and future requirements, which includes allocating sufficient bandwidth to video-carrying traffic that will not congest the network. To do this, they must implement a standards-based structured cabling system that will allow future devices to be added, which will save time and money by providing the biggest return on investment.

Cable selection and bandwidth go hand-in-hand. Considerations when selecting the cable media include number of cameras, type of camera, location of the cameras (environment), distance to the telecom rooms, type of termination equipment and whether PoE will be running through the cable or local power will be provided at the device end. Another factor when selecting cable is the length of time planned to occupy the building.

Today’s TIA standards define cabling types, distances, connectors, cable system architectures, cable performance characteristics, pathways, cable installation requirements and methods of testing installed cable to help system designers and installers select the most efficient cabling for each environment. TIA-recognized structured cabling standards recommend twisted pair copper and fiber-optic cable as the preferred media selection for efficient IP network systems. However, security integrators need to be aware of the range of options available and the pros and cons of each.

Coax Cable

Distances using coax cable can be up to 3,000 feet. This cable is most often found when end users would like to use their installed cable plant, which was installed for analog cameras. However, because an IP camera is equipped with an RJ-45 connection, media converters are needed on each end of the coax cable runs.

Using existing coax cable for running Ethernet to IP cameras is a “band-aid” approach and does not comply with TIA. This is a fast solution, but eventually the cabling system will need to change to a structured cabling system -- through twisted pair or fiber -- especially when higher bandwidth megapixel cameras are required. Running Ethernet over coax is limited to less than 1 GB transmissions. Therefore, as the bandwidth increases on both the camera and the traffic running through the network, coax cable capabilities will be limited.

Twisted Pair

Unshielded or shielded twisted pair cable provides many benefits over coax. Twisted pair, with its RJ connection, allows immediate attachment to the camera. One of the biggest benefits is that twisted pair can provide power over the same cable, eliminating local power at the device end.

There are basically two grades of UTP cable: Cat-5e (100 MHz) and Cat-6 (250 MHz). A Cat-5e cable may be sufficient with its allowable 1 GB/s data rate (depending on the protocol), but Cat-6 operates at a higher data rate (up to 10 GB/s). Because of its improved transmission performance and superior immunity from external noise, systems operating over Cat-6 cabling will have fewer errors than Cat-5e. And, when inducing noise or heat -- such as in PoE and PoE Plus -- Cat-6 has been proven to operate with no latency or fear of dropped packets.

Standards-based twisted pair cabling is limited to 100 meters between the device and the termination point, such as a consolidation point or telecommunications room. The chart on the following page provides cable options for selecting cable based on distance and power. Twisted pair can actually provide a signal farther than 100 meters through active equipment, but this would not meet the TIA standards and therefore would not work if the analog camera is to be replaced with an IP camera.

Fiber-optic Cable

The answer to the distance challenge is fiber-optic cable. Fiber-optic cable can easily operate IP cameras through media conversion, allowing twisted pair patch cords or horizontal UTP cable runs to connect directly to the device and to the terminating equipment in the TR. Even coax-based analog cameras can use fiber-optic cable, but this entails deploying multiplexers in addition to media converters, which can become costly per channel.

Fiber-optic cable’s other advantages include its small diameter and biggest bandwidth carrying capacity. Fiber-optic cable is immune to electrical interference, which makes it ideal for harsh environments such as lightning, power plants and industrial manufacturing. In addition, fiber optic is a more secure signal -- because it is harder to tap into.

Since power cannot run through glass, fiber-optic cable cannot directly carry PoE. But it can be jacketed with copper conductors in the form of a composite cable. Certain cables on the market provide Ethernet to be carried through fiber strands while power runs through stranded copper conductors. Distances up to 3,850 feet can be achieved. Because the cable carries lowvoltage power -- up to 25 watts as defined by PoE Plus and IEEE 802.3at -- this cable is actually defined as a Class 3 copper cable with fiber. The total distance is limited by the media power provided through the active media converter on the termination side, as well as the gauge of the copper. The more power needed, the thicker the gauge.

Challenging Decisions and Changing Standards

Security camera locations vary depending on each installation. When the TIA standards were written, the devices in work areas consisted of telephones, modems, data terminals, fax machines and desktop computers. Although the TIA standards originally applied to data and voice Ethernet applications, mainly in office environments, they were written to be modular, providing scalability for adding IP devices. However, electronic safety and security devices, particularly surveillance equipment, create unique challenges, mainly due to environmental factors.

The BICSI organization, together with ANSI, is currently reviewing the existing standards and has created a standards group to focus solely on physical infrastructure for ESS devices. To be designated “ANSI/BICSI 005” upon completion, this standard will define cabling design and installation requirements, as well as provide recommendations specific to ESS systems, including surveillance, access control, paging, signage, and even fire detection and alarm systems.

The standard also will provide information for access control, intrusion detection and surveillance systems, as well as guidance on other topics, such as meeting the IP needs of fire detection and alarm systems. And as more and more devices find their way to the network, the selection of cabling and physical infrastructure becomes more critical.

Now we are discussed about coaxial cable's Construction

RG59/U, RG6/U and RG11/U is circular. Each has a center conductor surrounded by dielectric insulating material, which in turn is covered by a braid to shield against electromagnetic interference. The outer covering is the jacket.

The coaxial cable's two conductors are separated by a nonconductive or dielectric material. The outer conductor (braid) acts as a shield and helps isolate the center conductor from spurious electromagnetic interference. The outer covering helps physically protect the conductors.

Center Conductor:

For CCTV applications, solid copper conductors are required, which is carrying a video signal. Center conductor comes in varying diameters usually ranging from 14 gauge to 22 gauge. The structure of the center conductor generally is solid copper or copper-clad steel, designated as bare copper weld or BCW. For CCTV applications, solid copper conductors are required. Copper clad, copper weld, or BCW cables have much greater loop resistance at baseband video frequencies and should never be used for CCTV. To determine the type, look at the cut end of the center conductor. Copper clad cable will be silver in the center intead of copper all the way through. Variation in the size of the center conductor has an overall effect on the amount of DC resistance offered by cable. Cables which contain large diameter center conductors have lower resistances than cables with smaller diameters. This decreased resistance of large diameter cable enhances the ability of a cable to carry a video signal over a longer distance with better clarity, but is also more expensive and harder to work with.

For applications where the cable may move up/down or side-to-side, select cable that has a center conductor consisting of many small strands of wire. As the cable moves, these strands flex and resist wear due to fatigue better than a cable with a solid center conductor.

Dielectric Insulating Material

Center conductor is an evenly made dielectric insulating material which is available in some form of either polyurethane or polyethylene. This dielectric insulator helps determine the operating characteristics of coax cable by maintaining uniform spacing between the center conductor and its outer elements over the entire length of the cable. Dielectrics made of cellular polyurethane or foam are less likely to weaken a video signal than those made with solid polyethylene. This lower attenuation is desirable when calculating the loss/length factor of any cable. Foam also gives a cable greater flexibility, which may make an installer's job easier. Although foam dielectric material offers the best performance, it can absorb moisture, which will change its electrical behavior.

Because of its rigid properties, solid polyethylene maintains its shape better than foam and withstands the pressures of accidental pinching or crimping, but, this characteristic also makes it slightly more difficult to handle during installation. In addition, its loss/length attenuation factor is not quite as good as foam, which should be considered in long cable runs.

Braid or Shield

Cables using aluminum foil shielding or foil wrap material are not suitable for CCTV installations. Wrapped around the outside of the dielectric material is a woven copper braid (shield), which acts as a second conductor or ground connection between the camera and the monitor. It also acts as a shield against unwanted external signals commonly called electromagnetic interference or EMI, which may adversely affect a video signal.

The amount of copper or wire strands in the braid deter- mine how much EMI it keeps out. Commercial grade coax cables containing loosely woven copper braid have shielding coverages of approximately 80%. These cables are suitable for general purpose use in applications where electrical interference is known to be low. They also work well when the cable is to be installed in metal conduit or pipe, which also aids in shielding.

If you are not sure of the conditions and are not running pipe to screen out more EMI, use a cable with a "maximum shield" or heavy braid--type cable containing more copper than those of commercial grade coax. This extra copper obtains the higher shielding coverage by having more braid material made in a tighter weave. For CCTV applications, copper conductors are needed.

Cables using aluminum foil shielding or foil wrap material are not suitable for CCTV work. Instead, they usually are intended to transmit radio frequency signals such as those employed in transmitter systems or in master antenna distribution systems.

Aluminum or foil cable may distort a video signal to such a point that signal quality may be far below the level required for proper system operation, especially over long cable runs, and therefore not recommended for CCTV use.

Outer Jacket

The last component comprising a coax cable is the outer jacket. Although other materials are used, polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, is commonly used in its construction. Available in many colors such as black, white, tan, and gray, the jacket lends itself to both indoor and outdoor applications.

Newly developed some Video & Power Combination Cable is there in market.

This combination cable featuring BNC to BNC video connectors and 2.1mm DIN male & female for power supply connection. A BNC to RCA adapter is also included. Also included are two pigtails to allow breakout of power connectors to use with screw terminal power supplies and cameras. This cable is available in 50 foot and 100 foot lengths. Maximum distance for DC power should not exceed 100 feet.

Specials thanks to all of Manufacturers, Suppliers & Exporters to provide the information.