Seven Advantages of IP or Network Camera Surveillance System

Seven Advantages of IP / Network Camera Surveillance System

IP CCTV stands for Internet Protocol Closed Circuit Television. Furthermore, it is also referred to as network or Power-Over-Ethernet (POE) CCTV. IP cameras are digital devices that capture and transmit video footage over a network.

It offers several benefits over analogue systems, such as higher resolution and scalability – more on this later.

IP/Network cameras offer superior image quality, remote access, advanced analytics (AI), easier scalability/installation (PoE), better security with encryption, flexible storage (cloud/NVR), and seamless integration with other systems, making them more versatile and powerful than traditional analog CCTV for modern surveillance needs.

 Here are seven key advantages:

1.        Superior Image Quality: Deliver high-definition (HD) or even megapixel resolution with clearer, more detailed images and better digital zoom capabilities.

IP-based CCTV cameras can capture and transmit higher quality images than standard analogue systems. Furthermore, with IP cameras you can zoom in on your footage with greater clarity.

In context, this is highly valuable to a business, particularly when looking to identify an individual, specific characteristics, car number plates and more.

2.        Remote Access & Monitoring: Remote monitoring is made easier by IP security cameras. For example, you can effortlessly see live footage from your computer, tablet, or smartphone anywhere you are with a wireless IP camera in Dubai. Homeowners who wish to check in on their property while abroad or company owners who need to monitor several sites will find this function especially helpful. View live feeds and recorded footage from anywhere via the internet, offering unparalleled flexibility for home or business.

3.        Advanced Video Analytics: Built-in intelligence for features like motion detection, visitor counting, facial recognition, and anomaly detection, reducing manual monitoring.

Your security camera systems can be set up to detect:

·        Smoke

·        Fire

·        Movement of people

·        Change in temperature

For example, if your security cameras are fitted with movement sensors, you will be alerted if the system detects a threat. As a result, your security team can view the footage in real-time. If a security threat is spotted, the relevant action is taken.

If your CCTV system is monitored remotely, your off-site security team will take charge of the situation.

4.        Scalability & Flexibility: Easily add cameras to an existing network and reposition them, using existing network infrastructure (like CAT5/6 cables).

5.        Power over Ethernet (PoE):  A single Ethernet cable provides both power and data, simplifying installation and reducing cable clutter.

6.        Enhanced Security: The majority of IP cameras come with built-in encryption. This helps to keep your data safer when it is transmitted and stored.

Cyber attacks are becoming more of a threat to businesses, month by month, year by year. Securing your data will help protect it from ending up in the wrong hands.

Digital encryption protects video data from unauthorized access, ensuring privacy and secure transmission.

7.        Smart Integration & Storage: Can integrate with other security systems and offer convenient, secure digital storage (cloud or NVR), making data management efficient. 

Frequently asked questions

What is a network video surveillance system?

A system of data transmission from video cameras, which is carried out via the Internet, will be considered a network. In this case, both global networks and local ones can be created.

Mandatory network system design:

·        video cameras (analog and/or IP, PTZ cameras);

·        equipment for data processing and storage of video recordings: recorders, servers, computers, hard drives, switches;

·        special software.

Until recently, it was believed that such an organization of video systems is the optimal solution for continuous monitoring of facilities and events. Many users have chosen network surveillance cameras because of their efficiency and simplicity.

IMPORTANT: Analog, IP and CCTV cameras have a number of differences. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television), as a modern generation closed loop system, is no longer analog equipment, and if CCTV is connected to a DVR, it becomes an IP camera.

What is an IP CCTV system and how does it work?

An IP CCTV system uses digital cameras that transmit video over an internet protocol (IP) network. Unlike analogue systems, IP cameras can stream high-definition footage directly to a recorder, computer, or cloud platform for real-time or recorded viewing.

How is image quality improved with IP CCTV cameras?

IP cameras typically offer higher resolution than analogue, with many supporting 1080p, 4K, or even greater. This results in sharper images, better zoom capabilities, and clearer identification of faces, licence plates, and other critical visual details.

Can I access IP CCTV footage remotely?

Yes. One of the main benefits of IP systems is remote access. Users can view live or recorded footage securely via mobile apps or web browsers, allowing for flexible monitoring from anywhere with an internet connection.

Are IP CCTV systems scalable for growing businesses?

Absolutely. IP systems are highly scalable—new cameras can be added with minimal disruption using existing network infrastructure. This flexibility makes them ideal for businesses expecting to expand or reconfigure their premises.

How is footage stored in an IP CCTV system?

Footage can be stored locally on an NVR (network video recorder), in the cloud, or using a hybrid approach. Cloud storage enables off-site backup and remote access, reducing the risk of footage loss through theft or damage.

What smart features are available with IP CCTV systems?

IP systems often include motion detection, line-crossing alerts, intrusion zones, facial recognition, and two-way audio. These intelligent analytics help reduce false alarms and enable proactive security management based on real-time activity.

How does an IP CCTV system compare to analogue CCTV in cost?

IP systems may have a higher upfront cost, but they offer greater long-term value due to superior image quality, scalability, and advanced features. Over time, they reduce maintenance and upgrade costs compared to ageing analogue setups.

4 disadvantages of the network system

Check out the disadvantages of a network video monitoring system:

1.        Requires technically competent system planning and professional installation. It is necessary to keep in mind the compatibility of equipment, lighting parameters, capabilities of the coaxial cable between the network nodes, height and angle of the cameras.

2.        Video signal delays are possible during data transmission and viewing recordings in real time.

3.        High cost of equipment, including license payment for each camera.

4.        High cost of installation, configuration and regular maintenance of the system (2-3 times more expensive than other video surveillance systems).

What type of network does IP cameras use?

Understanding the concept of what an IP camera is will help you easily choose the appropriate type of network connection. IP smart camera systems can operate on many different types of networks, the most popular are the following three types:

·        Wired network: Connect directly to a modem or broadband router via Ethernet cable (RJ45, CAT5, CAT6). This is the fastest and safest way to connect to eliminate the risk of signal interference and information disclosure.

·        Wireless network: IP cameras use a WiFi router to transmit data to and from a wired modem. Wireless networks have slower data transmission speeds than wired networks and are at higher risk of unauthorized access. However, using strong encryption and network customization can minimize this risk.

·        Cellular network: IP cameras can use cellular connections to transmit data. Although data transfer speeds are typically slower than WiFi, mobile networks are more secure and do not require LAN settings. However, these types of cameras are often more expensive.

Should I install an IP camera system or not?

In addition to understanding what an IP camera is, many users also wonder whether they should install an IP camera system or not. The answer is yes! Installing an IP camera system brings many benefits and is an effective security solution for every home, agency, office, and company. Here are some reasons you cannot ignore installing IP cameras:

·        IP cameras eliminate all old faulty hardware, instead using powerful NVR software, which helps manage data and images effectively.

·        The IP camera line delivers extremely clear HD images with high resolution from 720p, 1080p, compared to PAL, CIF, NTSC standard versions on Analog Cameras. This helps the device record every moment and convert the video into a digital stream before transmitting the signal.

·        IP camera equipment allows simple and easy remote observation and control. You can rest assured about the safety of your home, even when you go on business or pleasure trips.

Installing IP cameras is an effective solution to protect family and property security. However, to ensure the camera system operates effectively and safely, you need to pay attention to the following important issues:

·        Choose a reputable installation unit: Choose a reputable and professional installation unit to ensure the construction work is done quickly, safely and effectively. You need to follow the installation process from start to finish and request instructions on how to use it and change your password login information.

·        Check the installation location: Make sure to choose an installation location so that the camera can observe every corner of the area to be monitored. For infrared IP cameras installed outdoors, you should choose a location that is resistant to water, dust and high temperatures.

·        Ensure stable network source: For wifi IP cameras, it is necessary to ensure fast and stable network speed to avoid affecting image quality and video transmission speed. With wired cameras, use good transmission cables to ensure the system operates smoothly and with quality.

 

Principles of Surveillance System Installation

8 principles surveillance system installation

Safety awareness increases, Video surveillance systems into our lives. Video surveillance program are also more and more, So the first thing to consider installing surveillance systems of the following 8 major principles:

1.Real-time monitoring system

Real-time monitoring is very important, and it’s necessary for the Monitoring System.

2.Security

Security and confidentiality measures to prevent the illegal invasion and illegal operation system.

3.Scalability

Monitoring system equipment used modular structure, The system can be extended no need to change the structure of the network and hardware and software.

4.Openness

The system provides software, hardware , communications, networking , operating systems and database management systems and other aspects of the interface and tools that meet international standards , so that the system has good flexibility , compatibility , scalability and portability.The entire network is an open system that is compatible with a number of monitor manufacturers of products, and to support the secondary development.

5.Normative

Equipment and technology used in line with internationally accepted standards.

6.flexibility

System features full use of existing video surveillance subsystem networks. Monitoring can be used in different business, it is full-featured and easy to configure.

7.Advancement

Monitoring systems will become an advanced , future-proof , high reliability, confidentiality, easy network expansion , strong connection data processing capabilities, the system is running manipulate simple security system .

8.Applicability

Video surveillance systems have to complete the project in the required functional capacity and standards. Comply with the requirements of norms of domestic and foreign, and the advantages include ease of operation, Low- cost and high-performance.

PTZ camera advantages & Disadvantages

PTZ camera advantages & Disadvantages

PTZ cameras occupy a special place in the field of video surveillance. So, here’s an article which will throw some light on how these cameras can prove useful, what are their deployment pros and cons and other related points.

Basically, a PTZ security camera is a network camera which reflects the movement options of Pan, Tilt and Zoom. These cameras can be mechanically operated, where the user typically has the ability to control the Pan-L and R (Rotate Vertically); Tilt- Up & down (Move Horizontally); and Zoom (Point Down an objects) of the camera with a joy stick / Key Board / hardware device or another software.

PTZ cameras are ideal choice for monitoring large public places like stadiums, traffic signals, and other environments. If these cameras come tucked with the feature of megapixel or high definition (which is now possible in 2015), then they add absolute value to the whole deployment security surveillance.

Coming to the Pros and Cons of PTZ cameras, here’s a bit of illustration-

PTZ camera advantages

1. With the help of a capable VMS, the PTZ cameras can be auto programmed. So, these cams can capture the front doors, the gate and the fence at regular intervals and can achieve the best out of it.

2. If the video from this camera is under live monitoring then an operator can track down a suspect or respond to a threat triggered by the video management software integrated with the camera. The operator can then zoom-in and take control of the situation and if necessary can act in time for loss prevention. If the PTZ camera is tucked with high definition, then the captured image can help the operator track the facial features of a suspect, license plate of an automobile involved in crime or identify an object of interest.

3. As these security cameras can be panned, zoomed and tilted, hundreds of acres of land can be monitored day/night. So, by using a PTZ in premises, the cost of coverage per given area can get reduced.

PTZ camera Disadvantages

1. As every technology has its pros and cons, so does the PTZ camera. Generally, people gather an opinion that these cameras are capable of covering 360 degrees. Except for a couple of cameras available in the market of this sort none can truly cover up more than 180 degrees. So, go for a demo if the camera PTZ maker claims to make a camera with not just 360 degrees coverage.

2. The other disadvantage which can prove advantageous to criminals is that these cameras record where the lens is focused. So, if an incident occurs and if the camera is pointed in other direction, then it could potentially miss the event entirely and this could miss vital video evidence.

3. Though, there is a lot of development in PTZ cameras offered by different manufactures, it is often observed that they need to be regularly maintained and have a shorter life span. Moreover, most installers feel that in hot conditions, these cameras will give-up. But yes, if they are secured in a housing which keeps the inside temperature under control, then these cameras tend to work fine.

4. The sensors of PTZ cameras are smaller when compared to fixed cameras. So, image quality is not up to the mark. But as technology improvisation is taking place is this segment, it is reviewed to be yielding better results.

5. To get the best out of a PTZ camera monitoring, a live operator dedicated to monitor the system is needed. So, here a rise in surveillance costs can be observed.

6. If the PTZ camera is not properly installed, then a slight wind can push the video output into doldrums. So, the installer must be very careful in such camera deployments.

7. PTZ cameras if positioned in unwanted places can land the installer and the owner installing the equipment into legal trouble. And if their focus includes the coverage of an opposite house swimming pool or lawn even by an inch, then the installer and the related authorities will be in deep trouble.

8. PTZ controls are sensitive to latency and if the latency is more than a fraction of second, then the PTZ control can go out of gear.

9. PTZ cameras have more features in them and so their cost is 60% high than normal fixed cameras.

10. The position of a PTZ camera will indicate the focus of its lens. So, an attacker can creep into the blind spot of the camera and spray some paint on the camera lens, in order to prevent the camera from recording further. There is a high chance that the image of the person doing such mischief can get skipped.

Therefore, in order to get optimal results from PTZ camera deployment these cameras can be made as a supplementary with fixed cameras for investigating a situation or tracking a criminal.

Hope, this article helps in unraveling the truth about PTZ security cameras.

720p and 1080p explained

720p explained

720p is the shorthand name for a category of HDTV video modes. The number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution (also known as 720 pixels of vertical resolution), while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non-interlaced.

Progressive scanning reduces the need to prevent flicker by filtering out fine details, so sharpness is much closer to 1080i than the number of scan lines would suggest. A 720p frame has about 1 million pixels. Compared to it, a 1080p frame has 2 million pixels so the amount of detail doubles. However in practice the difference between 1080p vs 720p is not as obvious as the one between standard definition vs high definition (480p vs 720p). For example a regular DVD isn’t even considered high definition because it is either 720×480 (NTSC) or 720×576 (PAL) but it looks much better than regular NTSC or PAL TV broadcasts and not as great as 720p. That being said, you do get more detail from 1080p than from any resolution if you have the “winning” formula for screen size, resolution and viewing distance – that is if you have the optimum conditions to get the most out of 1080p.

1080p explained:
The number 1080 represents 1,080 lines of vertical resolutions (1,080 horizontal scan lines), while the letter p stands for progressive scan (meaning the image is not interlaced). 1080p can be referred to as full HD or full high definition although 1080i is also “Full HD” (1920×1080 pixels). The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. This creates a frame resolution of 1920×1080, or 2,073,600 pixels in total.

The only pure 1080p content comes from high definition DVDs like Blue Ray and HD DVD. Regular DVDs are way below that, having just 480p or 576p. You also get HD content from TV broadcasts but for now only 1080i and 720p. Basically 1080i offers pretty much the same amount of detail as 1080p but the quality of fast moving scenes is a bit inferior to 1080p. To understand this better read the 1080p vs 1080i guide. 720p content will of course look the same (or very similar) on a 1080p screen as it does on a 720p screen because what also matters is the content resolution not just the screen resolution.

Here is a sample with the difference between 720p and 1080p:

480i - Total image resolution 337,920 pixels

480p - Total image resolution 337,920 pixels

720p - Total image resolution 921,600 pixels (roughly equivalent to a 1 mega pixel camera)

1080i - Total image resolution 2,073,600 pixels (equivalent to a 2 mega pixel camera)

1080p - Total image resolution 2,073,600 pixels (equivalent to a 2 mega pixel camera)

More lines is nice but don't forget about the 'p' and 'i' in the 720p, 1080i and 1080p. The letter is an abbreviation for the type of scan the TV uses -- 'p' stands for progressive and 'i' stands for interlaced.

1000BASE-TX over CAT 6

1000BASE-TX over Category 6

TIA/EIA-854 : A Full Duplex Ethernet Physical Layer Specification for 1000Mb/s operating over Category 6 Balanced Twisted Pair Cabling (1000BASE-TX).

This document specifies a full duplex Ethernet physical layer interface for 1000Mb/s operation over a 100 meters of a Category 6 twisted pair cabling channel, referred to as 1000BASE-TX.

The purpose of this document, 1000BASE-TX, is to provide an Ethernet physical layer specification that is low complexity and can easily be implemented by many vendors. This will take advantage of the improved transmission parameters provided by Category 6 cabling.

It was believed by the members of this project that a much simpler solution for data rates of 1000Mb/s operating over a 100 meters of Category 6 UTP cabling would be a benefit to users who migrate to the higher data rates. It would eliminate the complicated requirements in the 1000BASE-T standard of canceling the effects of crosstalk and return loss, providing a solution that could operate at a much lower power level, the potential for multiple ports per chip, and could be implemented at a lower cost.  As it turned out, the ports became cheap very quickly and so no hardware vendor adopted this standard.

ANSI decided not to adopt TIA/EIA-854. The IEEE also decided not to adopt this and keep with 1000BASE-T as in IEEE802.3ab.

Since there is no application for this limit and it was not adopted by either ANSI or IEEE, it is not in the DTX CableAnalyzer.

Make Your Internet Faster

How To Make Your Internet Faster (Windows XP, Vista, 7,8)

Slow internet connection is the annoying thing that many people don't want to have. If your internet download speed is slow or your internet connection took long time to load the page, so you are not viewing your Security Camera / DVR. Don't worry today we will teach you how to make your internet faster by change DNS server in the control panel. There are many tricks and tips that also can increase internet speed, but we will show you the effective one.

In here we will walk you through step by step on how to change DNS servers that can increase your internet speed to maximum. Make sure to follow the step correctly for better result.

Step 1 : Open Control Panel

Step 2 : Go to Network and Internet >>> Network and Sharing Center

Step 3 : Click on Local Area Connection >>> Select Properties

Step 4 : Find and double click on "Internet Protocal Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)"

Step 5 : Tick on "Use the following DNS server addresses"

Step 6 : Fill up the DNS server like the same down below :

Preferred DNS Server : 8.8.8.8 
Alternate DNS Server : 8.8.4.4

or

Preferred DNS Server : 208.67.222.222
Alternate DNS Server : 208.67.222.222 

Step 7 : Click OK and Restart your computer.

Cleaning Up Your Computer

No matter how fast your internet is, If there are a lot of junk files and temporary files in your system, Your internet speed and system performance will drop. Also, there are many program installed in your computer and running on the background, Those programs that running in the desktop can slow down your internet speed also.

If you have many junk files and unnecessary programs installed in your PC, you should delete them out of your system.

Scan For A Virus

Virus is a main problem that causes your fast internet to run slow. Running your system with a virus can slow down your system performance, decrease your internet speed, and cause many more problems. If there are virus in your system, make sure to scan and get rid of it. You should scan for your system once a week for better security.

Protect your home use Security Cameras

I want to protect my home and use Security Cameras

So I want to protect my home.   I need a video surveillance system for night or in areas with low light. So looks like the best option would be infrared security cameras that capture images even in the dark.

So what is an infrared camera exactly?

An infrared camera works by calculating the brightness of a room or particular area. They feature special LED lighting which can be seen on the outside lens. These LEDs are able to capture light from the regions of electromagnetic spectrum that allow an image to be created even if there is little visible light. For this reason we refer to IR cameras as having night vision.

An infrared security camera will switch its mode to infrared only when the light drops below a certain level. It captures black and white images at that point.

Interesting side note, IR Illuminators allow many objects to be penetrated, such as the haze, fog and smoke. Infrared Illuminators are used typically for a low light environment. Sometimes, when the IR array is focused narrowly or the hold is not strong enough the external IR Illuminator will give an extra sharp image. It can provide an additional infrared light source that is invisible to the naked eye normally.

If you are going to use infrared security cameras outdoors, the best option would be to choose those that can stand up to the natural elements as well as tampering from criminals.   I found several options that allow for the greatest flexibility including direct bright light, vandal resistant, weather proof and cost effective.

Value of Video Verification

The Value of Video Verification

A CCTV system tracks the inside and outside of a building and sends the indications to a screen. If you’re worried about the safety of your workspace, CCTV installations in India will assist you in protecting your property from anywhere at any time. CCTV services are also being used as an extra weapon in the war against crime in several countries around the world. This blog post will show you how CCTV video is crucial in criminal investigations. 

We will attempt to explain the significance of identifying the charged individual in light of Section 9 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (subsequently referred to as “IEA”). In situations where there is no one to determine the identification of the convicted person, the performance of the offence may be proven by circumstantial evidence. CCTV footage is one example of such evidence. Secondly, this article examines the nature of CCTV footage using different case laws and asks if a lawsuit can be formed strictly on the grounds of a single element of CCTV footage. Finally, to prevent misunderstandings, here we will examine the procedure of electronic evidence admissibility in court in light of Section 65(b) of the IEA.

Video verification adds significant value to security and operations by transforming raw CCTV footage into actionable, reliable intelligence. Its core benefits lie in improving response accuracy, providing strong legal evidence, and delivering broader operational insights.

Key Benefits of CCTV Video Verification

Enhanced Security and Emergency Response 

·        False Alarm Reduction: Video verification allows trained operators or AI systems to visually confirm the cause of an alarm (e.g., distinguishing a pet from an intruder) before dispatching emergency services. This significantly reduces false alarms, which drain resources and can lead to fines.

·        Prioritized Emergency Response: Alarms that have been visually verified as genuine emergencies often receive a higher priority and faster response from police and other emergency services.

·        Proactive Intervention: With live monitoring and verification, operators can issue real-time audio warnings to deter intruders, often preventing an incident from escalating further.

·        Accurate Threat Assessment: Visual confirmation provides detailed information about the nature and severity of an incident, allowing for a more appropriate and measured response from security personnel and first responders. 

Investigative and Legal Value

·        Strong Evidence: Verified CCTV footage provides objective visual documentation that carries significant weight in legal proceedings and insurance claims. It can support or disprove witness testimonies and other evidence.

·        Suspect Identification and Elimination: The footage aids investigators in identifying suspects, tracking their movements (entry/exit routes, timelines), and can also help eliminate innocent individuals from inquiries.

·        Admissibility in Court: When handled correctly (maintaining a clear "chain of custody," proper storage, and technical authentication via a certificate of integrity), footage is highly admissible as evidence in court, which can lead to early guilty pleas and save trial costs.

·        Dispute Resolution: Objective visual records can quickly resolve disputes between customers, employees, or other parties, potentially saving businesses substantial litigation costs. 

Operational and Business Intelligence

Beyond security, video verification offers valuable operational insights: 

·        Remote Monitoring and Management: Business owners and managers can remotely access live or recorded footage from anywhere, enabling effective oversight across multiple locations and reducing the need for physical inspections.

·        Efficiency Improvements: Footage can be analyzed to identify operational inefficiencies, improve staffing levels during peak times, monitor equipment condition for maintenance, and verify cleaning or contractor work quality.

·        Employee Safety and Productivity: Monitoring work areas ensures compliance with safety regulations and encourages adherence to best practices, helping to protect employees and boost productivity. 

In essence, the value of CCTV video verification lies in its ability to transform passive surveillance into an active, intelligent, and multi-purpose tool that enhances safety, streamlines operations, and provides legally sound documentation.

Admissibility of E-evidence in criminal proceedings

Where every electronic evidence is being used as proof, Section 65(b) of the IEA requires that the substance of the electronic record be proven. The main objective of Section 65(b) is to protect supplementary evidence. In the case of Arjun Panditrao Khotkar vs Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, the Supreme Court reconsidered Section 65(b) of the IEA, resolving the conflicted status of Section 65(b) in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

The Court reversed the decision in the case of Shafhi Mohammad vs State of Himachal Pradesh, holding that the certification needed under Section 65b (4) is a prerequisite to the permissibility of proof using testimony. According to a three-judge panel in the case of Anvar P.V. vs P.K. Basheer, an electronic document exists. The Lord’s Bench Arjun Panditrao’s recent judgment explained about the certificate under the Section. By stating, “If the final text is submitted even before Court for review, Section 64b (4) is not required for Examination, then the situation in terms of the certificate requirement has become transparent”.

In the case of CCTV, the image is captured by the sensors and transformed to digital by the DVR ( Digital Video Recorder). Since it stores data in electronic form, the DVR is an electronic record. If the DVR is presented to the Court, it will be considered the main evidence by Section 62 of the IEA unless the original document is presented to the Court for review, and the provisions of Section 65b (4) of the IEA will not apply. Nevertheless, if a huge proportion of devices are mounted and the data is collected, It is not necessary to put the whole set up just before Court because it is technically held on massive servers. The only other choice in this situation is to transfer the files from the massive server to a CD or USB and then present it to the Court. Since the USB and CD are not primary evidence, complying with Section 65b(4) is required.

The person in charge of the server must provide you with a certificate. The primary objective of the certificate is to ensure the proper workplace environment of the device from which the electronic record is generated well before the Court for review, such that it can be known that the material has not been interfered with by others or ill-treated as a result of a computer malfunction. The certificate has not been made a requirement to confirm the accuracy of the content of the computer-generated records.

Mandatory requirement

If the requirements in Section 65b(2) are met, any information found in an electronic record, which is printed on paper, stored, registered, or copied in optical or magnetic media created by a machine, is considered to have been a piece of information (under the Evidence Act) despite anything in the Evidence Act. If the requirements in Section 65b(2) are met, the material over which the information contained inside an electronic record is published, or the optical or magnetic media-generated either by software where such data is stored, recorded, or replicated, shall be admissible in any proceeding as proof of any nature of the initial or of any truth specified, despite evidence or production of the original.

When a claim in the proof is obtained under Section 65b, Section 65b(4) enables the creation of a certificate that, among other things, identifies the electronic copy containing the statement, explains how it was generated, and specifies the system used to make the electronic record to demonstrate that it was generated by a compliant system.

Important case laws 

K. Ramajayam Vs Inspector of Police

In the case of K. Ramajayam Vs Inspector of Police; Dhanaram and Gunaram were brothers who owned and operated “Balaji Pawn Brokers,” a pawnbroking and jewelry shop. Around 8:00 a.m., the deceased Gunaram opened the store. Dhanaram arrived around 9:00 a.m. and stayed for a while before leaving for another job. He was surprised to see his brother lying in a pool of blood when he returned to the shop around midnight. He sounded the alarm, and nearby shop owners arrived. Aside from the homicide, 935 grams of gold were stolen. The plaintiffs’ counsel relied heavily on the Supreme Court ruling in PV Anvar Vs PV Basheer, which defined Sections 65A and 65(b) of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The Supreme Court decided that encrypted data on a CD which lacks a Section 65(b) certificate is invalid proof.

According to the prosecutor’s office, the Supreme Court claimed in the same situation as the applicant that when an electronic record is provided as direct information under Section 62, it is permissible in complying with the terms outlined in Section 65(b). In the current situation, vast institutions are involved.

The tribunal held that while Section 2(t) of the IT Act, 2000 does not explicitly define electronic evidence, the complete databases could be taken into courtrooms under such circumstances. Since the defendant was explicitly captured on camera when committing his crime in this case, the CCTV footage should be considered electronic proof.

The appellant/conviction suspect’s under Section 404 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, as well as the penalty levied on him was overturned. The convictions of suspects were upheld under Sections 449, 392, and 302. The punishments levied for the offences under Sections 449 and 392 of the Indian Penal Code are also enforced. The death penalty levied for the violation of Section 302 is overturned. Instead, the accused/appellant is sentenced to life in jail. The convicted will be sentenced to a minimum of 25 years in prison, during which time he will not be eligible for any constitutional relief or plea agreement.

Anvar P.V. Vs. P.K. Basheer & Ors.

In this case, the Judicial Branch has resolved the problems surrounding the admissibility of electronic evidence that arose from numerous contradictory decisions and also the procedures adopted by various High Courts and Trial Courts. The Court has interpreted Sections 22A, 45A, 59, 65A, 65(b), and 65(c) of the Evidence Act, holding that secondary information on CDs, DVDs, and Pen Drives is not permissible without even a certificate under Section 65b (4) of the Evidence Act. It’s been established that electronic evidence obtained without even a certificate under Section 65(b) of the Evidence Act cannot be proven by oral evidence, and also that the expert advice obtained under Section 45A of the Evidence Act cannot be used to make this electronic evidence permissible.

The decision will have far-reaching consequences throughout all contexts where even the prosecutor depends on electronic evidence, especially in anti-corruption trials where audio-video recordings are transmitted to the court on CD/DVD. In all such places, where the CD/DVD is transmitted without the need for certification under Section 65(b) of the Evidence Act, the CD/DVD is inadmissible, and the Court cannot look into more expert opinion as to their authenticity, as the Supreme Court Judgment shows.

It was also noted that all of these precautions are taken to protect the origin and reliability, which are the dual key components of reliable source electronic documents that were hoped to be used as evidence. “Since electronic records are more vulnerable to modification, deletion, transposition, excision, and other forms of fraud, a trial based solely on electronic records may result in a miscarriage of justice”.

Conclusion

In today’s world, CCTV cameras are almost everywhere to keep crime at bay. CCTV video has been used by law enforcement authorities to solve crimes and arrest criminals on several occasions. The CCTV captures a truthful image of the events, and the Courts make a significant impact on its integrity as a result of its accuracy. After the IEA introduced Section 65(b), the Supreme Court has issued several judgments emphasizing the value of electronic evidence admissibility.

It can be used as sufficient proof if the surveillance video is reliable, the source of the recording is known, and it meets the requirements of Section 65(b) of the IEA. Based on certain characteristics of CCTV, a substantiated claim can be formed. Since eye witnesses’ statements could vary from one another and they have the propensity and potential to amend their statements, CCTV proof cannot be said to be equal to witness testimony. Nevertheless, sufficient quality CCTV footage reveals the real event of the incident, and certain documentation can be used to conclude the homicide and identify the suspect.

 

Basic Things to Know About CCTV as a Technician

Some Basic Things to Know About CCTV as a Technician, If you are manager just share this with your team.

Cable Running

Many facilities use closed circuit television (CCTV) as part of an overall security system. Cameras mounted on buildings or ceilings transmit signals to a central monitoring room. CCTV takes two forms ---hard-wired or wireless. A technician just starting out in CCTV has to gain a knowledge base of how CCTV works, so he will be able to install, test and troubleshoot systems. Do not run 3+1/4+1 CCTV Cable, use RG11, RG6, RG59 only. Find-out the length of Video Cable from DVR to Camera, it should be on limit. Do not overlapping with High voltage wire. Do not join the Video Cable, use complete length ( One drum Video Cable its 305Mtr) of wire. If cable layed in out door use Armour cable.

RG 59 which can transmit signals up to 200 metres. This distances are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

RG 11 which can transmit signals up to 270 metres. It is more expensive because it is thicker. This distance are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

RG 6 which can transmit signals up to 400 metres. It is more expensive because it is thicker. This distances are for a single run of cable with no amplifiers or in-line correctors.

Twisted pair cable is a good alternative to coaxial cable if the length of the run is more than a few hundred metres. With pure cooper twisted pair, runs of up to 600 metres can be used without any in-line repeaters.

Troubleshooting Signal Loss

The picture on the monitor should never be fuzzy or have interference patterns. If it does, signal loss is occurring somewhere in the system. Technicians have specialized testing equipment and know how to use them in order to troubleshoot systems. Usually, a technician starts at the camera and works her way back to the receiver. She/he checks each connection until the test equipment indicates a loss. Some common problems are corrosion due to moisture inside the connectors or cables chewed through by animals.

Camera Installation

CCTV technicians can't be afraid of heights. Cameras are mounted high on the sides of buildings, or high in the ceiling areas of stores. You have to use a boom lift to reach spots to mount cameras. If you suffer from heights, becoming a CCTV Technician may not be a valid career path.

Cables are installed from the camera to the receiver station. You will have to drill through masonry block and below floor to run the cable. Be prepared to navigate through tight cramped quarters to get the cable from the camera to the receiver. Bring along a change of clothes, since you will get dirty in the process.

CCTV Camera Installation Tips:-

1. Test all equipment before installation. Therefore equipment can be replaced before arrival on-site if needed.
2. Ensure the mounting brackets of outdoor speed domes are properly sealed to prevent condensation in the camera housing.
3. Ensure sufficient space for camera, lens and connectors when choosing camera housing.
4. Avoid direct sunlight on equipment as it raises the temperature of the equipment.
5. Position cameras out of reach of vandals or 'curious' people.
6. Mount good quality mounting brackets in a stable location to avoid unstable or vibrating images caused by vibration or wind.
7. CS Mount cameras placed inside, at industrial or dusty/damp installations should be placed into outdoor camera housings.
8. Avoid installing cameras too high above the subject thus preventing 'top-of-head' video images
9. Ensure camera mounting poles are mechanically secure to avoid vibration on camera images
10. Before connecting power, ensure the supply is 12VDC regulated.

CCTV Cabling Tips:

1. Avoid running video cable parallel to AC power cables, especially those carrying high current.

2. RG59U Coax runs should not exceed 180m for colour and 280m for B/W

3.Avoid sharp bends when cabling

4. Avoid cable joins and using BNC barrels

5. Avoid over-tightening cable-ties

6. Ensure use of proper co-ax wire-stripping and crimping tools

7. Ensure BNC Connectors are properly crimped

8. Use Rubber BNC Boots after crimping to protect crimped area and bend radius

9. Mark or label camera and data signal cables

10. Outdoor cable runs should be housed in UV-proof conduit

11. In lightning prone areas, install surge protection devices

Final Testing and Teaching

A technician tests the system after it's installed. This involves knowing how to aim the cameras, knowing how to operate the monitoring equipment in the security room and knowing how to instruct the final operators of the system. You have to be part teacher. You may have to deal with people who have no knowledge of how a CCTV system is operated, so you have to use layperson-friendly language during the training process.

As you are a Engineer / Technician remember this few points:
Visually inspect all major components and connections for signs of deterioration or damage

Check all control equipment (DVRs, VCRs, monitors, multiplexers, video switchers, telemetry units etc) for correct operation

Check mains & power supplies and stand-by batteries including charging rates.

Check environmental conditions for adverse effects, including growth or shrubbery obscuring camera views

Check time and date settings in equipment and update the settings as appropriate

Check integrity of all cabling and sample check external insulation for damage

Clean cable fixings for security

Check auxiliary lighting equipment, infra-red units and photocells (if any) for correct operation

Check air vents are clear in all control equipment including PCs

Clean cameras, lenses and housing surfaces as necessary

Check al glands and seals on external equipment

Clean control equipment surfaces including PC (if applicable)

Establish regular back-ups are taken

Check camera is aligned to user specification, pictures for correct field of view and adjust as necessary

Check brackets, towers and fixings for corrosion or damage. Check clamping bolts/brackets are tightened correctly

Check wash/wipe units and wiper blades (if any) for correct operation and fill washer reservoir where necessary

Check quality of recording during day time and night time modes

Check pan and tilt assembly (if any) including fixings, electrical connections and functions.

Check the satisfactory CCTV transmission of images to remote site (if applicable)

Check warning signs are in place

Check all camera presets

Check all alarm presets